Re-thinking Illegal Entry and Re-entry

"This Article traces the history of two federal immigration crimes that have long supplemented the civil immigration system and now make up nearly half of all federal prosecutions: illegal entry and illegal re-entry.  Little has been previously written about the historical lineage of either crime, despite the supporting role each  has  played in enforcing  the nation’s civil immigration laws, particularly along the  U.S.-Mexico border.  This Article takes a critical look at the enforcement of each crime—from when they were initially conceived  of  as a way to deter illegal immigration, then as a way to target dangerous aliens, and most recently as a means to do both.  These shifting strategies, however, have one thing in common: ineffectiveness.  Enforcing the crimes has never meaningfully deterred illegal immigration, and the government’s poorly designed proxy to determine  whether an alien is “dangerous”  has ensured that prosecutions have not made the public safer.  The most recent period  is particularly troubling—enforcement has led to approximately 72,000 combined prosecutions a year, at the cost of well over a billion dollars a year, and at the expense of  prosecuting more serious  crimes.  Despite these huge costs and the related human carnage, the criminalization of illegal entry and re-entry is invariably left out of the discussion of comprehensive immigration reform, which reflects the silent treatment these crimes  have  received in the immigration and criminal law literature more generally.  By reviewing eight decades of ineffective policy, this Article makes the case for why there should be a fundamental re-thinking concerning the way in which the United States  uses the criminal justice system to regulate immigration." - Doug Keller, Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, Fall 2012.