CHAPTER 1: What is Property?

	Introduction
	§ 1.01 An "Unanswerable" Question?
	§ 1.02 Property and Law
	§ 1.03 Defining Property: What Types of "Rights" Among People?
	§ 1.04 Defining Property: Rights in What "Things"?

CHAPTER 2: Jurisprudential Foundations of Property Law

	Introduction
	§ 2.01 Why Recognize Private Property?
	§§ 2.02 First Occupancy (aka First Possession)
	§ 2.03 Labor-Desert Theory
	§ 2.04 Utilitarianism: Traditional Theory
	§ 2.05 Utilitarianism: Law and Economics Approach
	§ 2.06 Liberty or Civil Republican Theory
	§ 2.07 Personhood Theory

CHAPTER 3: Property Rights in Wild Animals

	Introduction
	§ 3.01 The Origin of Property Rights
	§ 3.02 The Capture Rule in General
	§ 3.03 Evaluation of the Capture Rule
	§ 3.04 Rights of Landowners
	§ 3.05 Regulation by Government

CHAPTER 4: Finders of Personal Property

	Introduction
	§ 4.01 Finders as Owners
	§ 4.02 Who is a "Finder"?
	§ 4.03 Categories of "Found" Property
	§ 4.04 Rights of Finder Against Original Owner
	§ 4.05 Rights of Finder Against Third Persons Generally
	§ 4.06 Rights of Finder Against Landowner
	§ 4.07 Statues Defining Rights of Finders
	§ 4.08 Special Issue: Native American Artifacts

CHAPTER 5: Gifts of Personal Property

	Introduction
	§ 5.01 Gifts in Context
	§ 5.02 What Is a Gift?
	§ 5.03 Gifts Inter Vivos
	§ 5.04 Gifts Causa Mortis
	§ 5.05 Restrictions On Donor’s Autonomy

CHAPTER 6: Property Rights in Human Bodies

	Introduction
	§ 6.01 The Controversy
	§ 6.02 Rights in Body Parts Generally
	§ 6.03 Rights in Human Eggs, Sperm, and Embryos
	§ 6.04 Surrogate Parenting: The Sale of Babies?

CHAPTER 7: Other Personal Property Rules

	Introduction
	§ 7.01 Accession
	§ 7.02 Adverse Possession of Personal Property
	§ 7.03 Bailments
	§ 7.04 Bona Fide Purchasers
	§ 7.05 Intellectual Property

CHAPTER 8: History of the Estates in Land System

	Introduction
	§ 8.01 The Estates System
	§ 8.02 Defining "Estate" and "Future Interest"
	§ 8.03 Property Law in Feudal England
	§ 8.04 Property Law in Post-Feudal England
	§ 8.05 Estates in Land in the Early United States
	§ 8.06 Trends in Modern Law Governing Estates in Land

CHAPTER 9: Present Estates

	Introduction
	§ 9.01 A Byzantine System
	§ 9.02 Creation of Estates
	§ 9.03 Classifying Estates
	§ 9.04 Estates: Freehold or Nonfreehold?
	§ 9.05 Basic Categories of Freehold Estates
	§ 9.06 Freehold Estates: Absolute or Defeasible?
	§ 9.07 Freehold Estates: Legal or Equitable?
	§ 9.08 Restrictions on Transfer: Rule Against Restraints on Alienation
	§ 9.09 Restriction on Use: Waste

CHAPTER 10: Concurrent Ownership

	Introduction
	§ 10.01 The Nature of Concurrent Ownership
	§ 10.02 Types of Concurrent Estates
	§ 10.03 Rights and Duties of Cotenants
	§ 10.04 Termination of Concurrent Estates

CHAPTER 11: Marital Property

	Introduction
	§ 11.01 Gender and Marital Property
	§ 11.02 Traditional Common Law System
	§ 11.03 Modern Common Law System
	§ 11.04 Community Property System
	§ 11.05 Conflict Between the Systems: The Problem of Migrating Couples
	§ 11.06 Attempts to Avoid the Systems: Premarital Agreements
	§ 11.07 The Future of Marital Property Law?: Uniform Marital Property Act
	§ 11.08 Property Rights of Unmarried Couples

CHAPTER 12: Introduction to Future Interests

	Introduction
	§ 12.01 Future Interests in Context
	§ 12.02 What Is a Future Interest?
	§ 12.03 Why Create a Future Interest?
	§ 12.04 Types of Future Interests
	§ 12.05 Classifying Future Interests: An Overview
	§ 12.06 Common Law Approach to Future Interests
	§ 12.07 Modern Future Interest Legislation
	§ 12.08 Contemporary Relevance of Future Interests

CHAPTER 13: Future Interests held by the Transferor

	Introduction
	§ 13.01 Three Future Interests
	§ 13.02 Types of Future Interests
	§ 13.03 Transfer of Interest
	§ 13.04 Other Rights of Interest Holder
	§ 13.05 Modern Reforms

CHAPTER 14: Future Interests held by the Transferee

	Introduction
	§ 14.01 An Intricate Common Law Maze
	§ 14.02 Classifying Future Interests Held by the Transferee
	§ 14.03 Remainders
	§ 14.04 Executory Interests
	§ 14.05 Consequences of the Distinction Between Remainders and Executory Interests
	§ 14.06 Creation of Interests
	§ 14.07 Transfer of Interests
	§ 14.08 Other Rights of Interest Holders
	§ 14.09 Four Special Restrictions on Contingent Future Interests Held by Transferees
	§ 14.10 The Rule Against Perpetuities: At Common Law
	§ 14.11 The Rule Against Perpetuities: Modern Reforms
	§ 14.12 The Doctrine of Worthier Title
	§ 14.13 The Rule in Shelley’s Case
	§ 14.14 The Destructibility of Contingent Remainders

CHAPTER 15: Introduction to Landlord-Tenant Law

	Introduction
	§ 15.01 Landlord-Tenant Law in Context
	§ 15.02 What Is a Leasehold Estate?
	§ 15.03 Leasehold Estate Distinguished from Nonpossessory Interests
	§ 15.04 Historical Evolution of Landlord-Tenant Law
	§ 15.05 Categories of Leasehold Estates
	§ 15.06 Modern Revolution in Landlord-Tenant Law

CHAPTER 16: Creation of the Tenancy

	Introduction
	§ 16.01 The Lease
	§ 16.02 Selection of Tenants
	§ 16.03 Tenant’s Duty to Pay Rent
	§ 16.04 Landlord’s Duty to Deliver Possession
	§ 16.05 Tenant’s Duty to Occupy

CHAPTER 17: Condition of Leased Premises

	Introduction
	§ 17.01 "Let the Tenant Beware"?
	§ 17.02 The Common Law Foundation
	§ 17.03 The Problem of Substandard Housing
	§ 17.04 Constructive Eviction
	§ 17.05 Illegal Lease Doctrine
	§ 17.06 The Implied Warranty of Habitability: New Common Law
	§ 17.07 The Statutory Warranty of Habitability
	§ 17.08 Landlord Liability for Personal Injury
	§ 17.09 Fixtures

CHAPTER 18: Transfer of Leasehold Interest

	Introduction
	§ 18.01 Transfers in General
	§ 18.02 Distinguishing Between Assignment and Sublease
	§ 18.03 Assignment
	§ 18.04 Sublease
	§ 18.05 Should the Assignment-Sublease Distinction Be Abolished?
	§ 18.06 Tenant’s Right to Assign or Sublease
	§ 18.07 Transfers by Landlord

CHAPTER 19: Termination of the Tenancy

	Introduction
	§ 19.01 The Struggle for Possession
	§ 19.02 Surrender
	§ 19.03 Abandonment
	§ 19.04 Landlord’s Right to Terminate Lease
	§ 19.05 Self-Help Eviction
	§ 19.06 Ejectment
	§ 19.07 Summary Eviction Proceedings

CHAPTER 20: The Sales Contract

	Introduction
	§ 20.01 Anatomy of a Sales Transaction
	§ 20.02 Role of the Attorney
	§ 20.03 Role of the Real Estate Broker
	§ 20.04 Requirements for Valid Contract
	§ 20.05 A Typical Sales Contract
	§ 20.06 Contract Provisions on Title
	§ 20.07 Contract Provisions on Financing
	§ 20.08 Closing the Transaction
	§ 20.09 Remedies for Breach of Contract

CHAPTER 21: Condition of the Property

	Introduction
	§ 21.01 "Let the Buyer Beware"?
	§ 21.02 Seller's Duty to Disclose Defects
	§ 21.03 Broker’s Duty to Disclose Defects
	§ 21.04 Builder’s Implied Warranty of Quality
	§ 21.05 Risk of Loss Before Conveyance

CHAPTER 22: The Mortgage

	Introduction
	§ 22.01 The Role of Security for Debt
	§ 22.02 What Is a Mortgage?
	§ 22.03 Evolution of the Mortgage
	§ 22.04 Creation of a Mortgage
	§ 22.05 The Secured Obligation
	§ 22.06 Foreclosure of Mortgage
	§ 22.07 Special Mortgagor Protection Laws
	§ 22.08 An Alternative Financing Device: The Installment Land Contract
	§ 22.09 Other Financing Devices

CHAPTER 23: The Deed

	Introduction
	§ 23.01 The Deed in Context
	§ 23.02 Evolution of the Deed
	§ 23.03 Types of Deeds
	§ 23.04 Requirements for Valid Deed
	§ 23.05 Interpretation of Deeds
	§ 23.06 Recordation of Deeds
	§ 23.07 Effect of Forgery
	§ 23.08 Effect of Fraud
	§ 23.09 Estoppel by Deed

CHAPTER 24: Fundamentals of Land Title

	Introduction
	§ 24.01 The Problem of Conflicting Title Claims
	§ 24.02 General Rule: First in Time Prevails
	§ 24.03 First Exception to General Rule: Subsequent Bona Fide Purchaser Prevails
	§ 24.04 Who Is a Bona Fide Purchaser?: Notice Jurisdictions
	§ 24.05 Who Is a Bona Fide Purchaser?: Race-Notice Jurisdictions
	§ 24.06 What Constitutes Notice?
	§ 24.07 Second Exception to General Rule: The "Shelter Rule"
	§ 24.08 Special Rule for Race Jurisdictions: First Purchaser for Value to Record Prevails
	§ 24.09 Why Protect the Bona Fide Purchaser?

CHAPTER 25: The Recording System

	Introduction
	§ 25.01 The Recording System in Context
	§ 25.02 Purposes of the Recording System
	§ 25.03 Anatomy of the Recording System
	§ 25.04 Procedure for Recording Documents
	§ 25.05 Procedure for Searching Title
	§ 25.06 Recorded Documents that Provide Constructive Notice
	§ 25.07 Recorded Documents that Do Not Provide Constructive Notice
	§ 25.08 Effect of Marketable Title Acts
	§ 25.09 Technology and the Future of the Recording System

CHAPTER 26: Methods of Title Assurance

	Introduction
	§ 26.01 Title Assurance in Context
	§ 26.02 Covenants of Title
	§ 26.03 Title Opinions and Abstracts
	§ 26.04 Title Insurance Policies
	§ 26.05 Registration of Title

CHAPTER 27: Adverse Possession

	Introduction
	§ 27.01 "Title by Theft"?
	§ 27.02 Evolution of Adverse Possession
	§ 27.03 Requirements for Adverse Possession
	§ 27.04 Procedural Aspects of Adverse Possession
	§ 27.05 Special Restrictions on Adverse Possession
	§ 27.06 Policy Rationales for Adverse Possession

CHAPTER 28: Transfer of Property at Death

	Introduction
	§ 28.01 Death and Property
	§ 28.02 The Will
	§ 28.03 The Trust
	§ 28.04 Intestate Succession
	§ 28.05 Escheat

CHAPTER 29: Nuisance

	Introduction
	§ 29.01 "An Impenetrable Jungle"?
	§ 29.02 What Is a Private Nuisance?
	§ 29.03 Evolution of Nuisance Law
	§ 29.04 Elements of Private Nuisance
	§ 29.05 Defenses to Liability for Private Nuisance
	§ 29.06 Remedies for Private Nuisance
	§ 29.07 Public Nuisance
	§ 29.08 Special Problem: Landowner Liability for Hazardous Substance Contamination

CHAPTER 30: Trespass

	Introduction
	§ 30.01 The Right to Exclude
	§ 30.02 What Is a Trespass?
	§ 30.03 Trespass and Rights of Migrant Farmworkers
	§ 30.04 Trespass and Freedom of Speech
	§ 30.05 Trespass and Beach Access
	§ 30.06 Encroachments
	§ 30.07 Good Faith Improvers

CHAPTER 31: Surface, Subsurface, and Airspace Rights

	Introduction
	§ 31.01 Attributes of Ownership
	§ 31.02 Water Rights
	§ 31.03 Public Trust Doctrine
	§ 31.04 Right to Support
	§ 31.05 Boundary Line Doctrines
	§ 31.06 Subsurface Rights
	§ 31.07 Rights in Airspace: How High?

CHAPTER 32: Easements

	Introduction
	§ 32.01 The Easement in Context
	§ 32.02 What Is an Easement?
	§ 32.03 Express Easements
	§ 32.04 Easements Implied from Prior Existing Use
	§ 32.05 Easements by Necessity
	§ 32.06 Prescriptive Easements
	§ 32.07 Irrevocable Licenses or "Easements by Estoppel"
	§ 32.08 Other Types of Easements
	§ 32.09 Scope of Easements
	§ 32.10 Transfer of Easements
	§ 32.11 Termination of Easements
	§ 32.12 Negative Easements
	§ 32.13 Licenses
	§ 32.14 Profits a Prendre

CHAPTER 33: Real Covenants

	Introduction
	§ 33.01 The Birth of Private Land Use Planning
	§ 33.02 What Is a Real Covenant?
	§ 33.03 Policy Implications of Private Land Use Restrictions
	§ 33.04 Creation of a Real Covenant
	§ 33.05 Termination of Real Covenants
	§ 33.06 Remedies for Breach of Real Covenants
	§ 33.07 Scholarly Perspectives on Real Covenants
	§ 33.08 The Restatement (Third) of Property: Servitudes

CHAPTER 34: Equitable Servitudes

	Introduction
	§ 34.01 The Equitable Servitude in Context
	§ 34.02 What Is an Equitable Servitude?
	§ 34.03 Evolution of the Equitable Servitude
	§ 34.04 Creation of an Equitable Servitude
	§ 34.05 Special Problem: Equitable Servitudes and the Subdivision
	§ 34.06 Termination of Equitable Servitudes
	§ 34.07 Remedies for Breach of Equitable Servitudes
	§ 34.08 The Restatement (Third) of Property: Servitudes

CHAPTER 35: Condominiums and other Common Interest Communities

	Introduction
	§ 35.01 A New Model of Home Ownership
	§ 35.02 Types of Common Interest Communities
	§ 35.03 Restrictive Covenants and the Common Interest Community
	§ 35.04 The Owners Association

CHAPTER 36: Fundamentals of Zoning

	Introduction
	§ 36.01 The Land Use Revolution
	§ 36.02 What is "Zoning"?
	§ 36.03 The Birth of Zoning
	§ 36.04 A Sample Zoning Ordinance
	§ 36.05 The Constitutionality of Zoning
	§ 36.06 Zoning and the Nonconforming Use
	§ 36.07 Zoning and Vested Rights

CHAPTER 37: Tools for Zoning Flexibility

	Introduction
	§ 37.01 A Modern Approach to Zoning
	§ 37.02 Zoning Amendments
	§ 37.03 Variances
	§ 37.04 Special Exceptions (aka Conditional or Special Uses)
	§ 37.05 New Zoning Tools
	§ 37.06 The Subdivision Process

CHAPTER 38: Modern Zoning Controversies

	Introduction
	§ 38.01 The Transformation of "Zoning"
	§ 38.02 Zoning and the Constitutional Framework
	§ 38.03 "Family" Zoning
	§ 38.04 Exclusionary Zoning
	§ 38.05 Aesthetic Zoning
	§ 38.06 Growth Control and Zoning

CHAPTER 39: Eminent Domain

	Introduction
	§ 39.01 Eminent Domain in Context
	§ 39.02 The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment: "Nor Shall Private Property Be Taken For Public Use, Without Just Compensation"
	§ 39.03 "Nor Shall Private Property . . ."
	§ 39.04 ". . . Be Taken . . ."
	§ 39.05 ". . . For Public Use . . ."
	§ 39.06 ". . . Without Just Compensation"
	§ 39.07 Eminent Domain Procedure

CHAPTER 40: Land Use Regulation and the Takings Clause

	Introduction
	§ 40.01 The Takings Problem
	§ 40.02 The Foundation Era of Regulatory Takings: 1776-1922
	§ 40.03 The Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon Revolution and Its Aftermath: 1922-1978
	§ 40.04 Overview of the Modern Era in Regulatory Takings: 1978-Present
	§ 40.05 Basic Modern Standard for Regulatory Takings: Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City
	§ 40.06 Special Rule for Permanent Physical Occupations: Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp. (1982)
	§ 40.07 Special Rule for Loss of All Economically Beneficial or Productive Use: Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992)
	§ 40.08 Special Rule for Exactions: The Nollan-Dolan Duo (1987/1994)
	§ 40.09 Remedies for Regulatory Takings