Preface
Frequently Cited Source

Chapter 1 CRIMINAL LAW: AN OVERVIEW
§ 1.01 NATURE OF ?CRIMINAL LAW?
§ 1.02 PROVING GUILT AT THE TRIAL

Chapter 2 PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT
§ 2.01 ?PUNISHMENT? AND CRIMINAL LAW THEORY
§ 2.02 ?PUNISHMENT?: DEFINED
§ 2.03 THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT
§ 2.04 THE DEBATE BETWEEN THE COMPETING THEORIES
§ 2.05 MIXED THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT
§ 2.06 SENTENCING

Chapter 3 SOURCES OF THE CRIMINAL LAW
§ 3.01 ORIGINS OF THE CRIMINAL LAW
§ 3.02 MODERN ROLE OF THE COMMON LAW
§ 3.03 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 4 CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS ON THE CRIMINAL LAW
§ 4.01 THE CONSTITUTION: OVERVIEW
§ 4.02 RELEVANT CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
§ 4.03 POLICY FACTORS IN ENFORCING THE CONSTITUTION

Chapter 5 LEGALITY
§ 5.01 PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY
§ 5.02 STATUTORY CLARITY
§ 5.03 AVOIDING UNDUE DISCRETION IN LAW ENFORCEMENT
§ 5.04 STRICT CONSTRUCTION OF STATUTES (RULE OF LENITY)

Chapter 6 PROPORTIONALITY
§ 6.01 ?PROPORTIONALITY? IN THE CRIMINAL LAW: OVERVIEW
§ 6.02 UTILITARIANISM AND PROPORTIONALITY
§ 6.03 RETRIBUTIVISM AND PROPORTIONALITY
§ 6.04 COMPARING THE TWO THEORIES OF PROPORTIONALITY
§ 6.05 CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENT OF PROPORTIONALITY

Chapter 7 BURDENS OF PROOF
§ 7.01 PUTTING THE ISSUES IN PROCEDURAL CONTEXT
§ 7.02 BURDEN OF PRODUCTION
§ 7.03 BURDEN OF PERSUASION
§ 7.04 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 8 PRESUMPTIONS
§ 8.01 THE NATURE OF A PRESUMPTION
§ 8.02 MANDATORY PRESUMPTIONS
§ 8.03 PERMISSIVE PRESUMPTIONS (?INFERENCES?)
§ 8.04 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 9 ACTUS REUS
§ 9.01 ACTUS REUS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 9.02 VOLUNTARY ACT: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 9.03 VOLUNTARY ACT: SUPPOSED (BUT NOT REAL) EXCEPTIONS TO THE REQUIREMENT
§ 9.04 VOLUNTARY ACT: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
§ 9.05 VOLUNTARY ACT: MODEL PENAL CODE
§ 9.06 OMISSIONS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 9.07 OMISSIONS: EXCEPTIONS TO THE NO-LIABILITY RULE
§ 9.08 OMISSIONS: MODEL PENAL CODE
§ 9.09 MEDICAL ?OMISSIONS?: A SPECIAL PROBLEM
§ 9.10 SOCIAL HARM: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 9.11 SOCIAL HARM: CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS

Chapter 10 MENS REA
§ 10.01 GENERAL PRINCIPLE
§ 10.02 DEFINITION OF ?MENS REA?
§ 10.03 RATIONALE OF THE MENS REA REQUIREMENT
§ 10.04 FREQUENTLY USED MENS REA TERMS
§ 10.05 STATUTORY INTERPRETATION: WHAT ELEMENTS DOES A MENS REA TERM MODIFY?
§ 10.06 ?SPECIFIC INTENT? AND ?GENERAL INTENT?
§ 10.07 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 11 STRICT LIABILITY
§ 11.01 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 11.02 POLICY DEBATE REGARDING STRICT?LIABILITY OFFENSES
§ 11.03 CONSTITUTIONALITY OF STRICT?LIABILITY OFFENSES
§ 11.04 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 12 MISTAKES OF FACT
§ 12.01 PUTTING MISTAKE-OF-FACT IN CONTEXT
§ 12.02 WHY DOES A FACTUAL MISTAKE SOMETIMES EXCULPATE?
§ 12.03 COMMON LAW RULES
§ 12.04 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 13 MISTAKES OF LAW
§ 13.01 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 13.02 WHEN MISTAKE-OF-LAW IS A DEFENSE: EXCEPTIONS TO THE GENERAL RULE
§ 13.03 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 14 CAUSATION
§ 14.01 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 14.02 ACTUAL CAUSE (OR ?FACTUAL CAUSE?)
§ 14.03 PROXIMATE CAUSE (OR ?LEGAL CAUSE?)
§ 14.04 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 15 CONCURRENCE OF ELEMENTS
§ 15.01 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 15.02 TEMPORAL CONCURRENCE
§ 15.03 MOTIVATIONAL CONCURRENCE
§ 15.04 SPECIAL PROBLEM: TEMPORALLY DIVISIBLE ACTS AND/OR OMISSIONS

Chapter 16 DEFENSES: AN OVERVIEW
§ 16.01 DEFENSES: IN CONTEXT
§ 16.02 FAILURE-OF-PROOF DEFENSES
§ 16.03 JUSTIFICATION DEFENSES
§ 16.04 EXCUSE DEFENSES
§ 16.05 SPECIALIZED DEFENSES (?OFFENSE MODIFICATIONS?)
§ 16.06 EXTRINSIC DEFENSES (?NONEXCULPATORY DEFENSES?)

Chapter 17 JUSTIFICATIONS AND EXCUSES
§ 17.01 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
§ 17.02 UNDERLYING THEORIES OF ?JUSTIFICATION?
§ 17.03 UNDERLYING THEORIES OF ?EXCUSE?
§ 17.04 JUSTIFICATION DEFENSES AND MISTAKE-OF-FACT CLAIMS
§ 17.05 JUSTIFICATION v. EXCUSE: WHY DOES IT MATTER?

Chapter 18 SELF-DEFENSE
§ 18.01 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 18.02 DEADLY FORCE: CLARIFICATION OF THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 18.03 DEADLY FORCE: ?IMPERFECT? SELF-DEFENSE CLAIMS
§ 18.04 DEADLY FORCE IN SELF-PROTECTION: RATIONALE FOR THE DEFENSE
§ 18.05 SELF-DEFENSE: SPECIAL ISSUES
§ 18.06 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 19 DEFENSE OF OTHERS
§ 19.01 GENERAL RULE
§ 19.02 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 20 DEFENSE OF PROPERTY AND HABITATION
§ 20.01 PROPERTY AND HABITATION: COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
§ 20.02 DEFENSE OF PROPERTY
§ 20.03 DEFENSE OF HABITATION
§ 20.04 SPRING GUNS
§ 20.05 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 21 LAW ENFORCEMENT
§ 21.01 WHAT ARE THE ?LAW ENFORCEMENT? DEFENSES?
§ 21.02 RESTRAINT ON LIBERTY IN LAW ENFORCEMENT: ?PUBLIC AUTHORITY? DEFENSE
§ 21.03 FORCE USED IN LAW ENFORCEMENT: COMMON AND STATUTORY LAW
§ 21.04 FORCE USED IN LAW ENFORCEMENT: CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS
§ 21.05 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 22 NECESSITY
§ 22.01 BASIC NATURE OF THE DEFENSE
§ 22.02 GENERAL RULES
§ 22.03 CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
§ 22.04 ?NECESSITY? AS A DEFENSE TO HOMICIDE
§ 22.05 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 23 DURESS
§ 23.01 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 23.02 RATIONALE OF THE DEFENSE (AS AN EXCUSE)
§ 23.03 DISTINGUISHING DURESS FROM NECESSITY
§ 23.04 DURESS AS A DEFENSE TO HOMICIDE
§ 23.05 ESCAPE FROM INTOLERABLE PRISON CONDITIONS
§ 23.06 SITUATIONAL DURESS: BRIEF OBSERVATIONS
§ 23.07 BATTERED WOMEN UNDER DURESS
§ 23.08 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 24 INTOXICATION
§ 24.01 INTOXICATION AND THE CRIMINAL LAW: AN OVERVIEW
§ 24.02 VOLUNTARY INTOXICATION: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 24.03 VOLUNTARY INTOXICATION: MENS REA
§ 24.04 VOLUNTARY INTOXICATION: VOLUNTARY ACT
§ 24.05 VOLUNTARY INTOXICATION: INSANITY
§ 24.06 INVOLUNTARY INTOXICATION
§ 24.07 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 25 INSANITY
§ 25.01 INSANITY: AN OVERVIEW
§ 25.02 INSANITY DEFENSE: PROCEDURAL CONTEXT
§ 25.03 RATIONALE OF THE INSANITY DEFENSE
§ 25.04 DEFINITIONS OF ?INSANITY?
§ 25.05 EFFECT OF AN INSANITY ACQUITTAL
§ 25.06 ABOLITION OF THE INSANITY DEFENSE
§ 25.07 ?GUILTY BUT MENTALLY ILL?

Chapter 26 DIMINISHED CAPACITY
§ 26.01 ?DIMINISHED CAPACITY?: A TERM OF CONFUSION
§ 26.02 DIMINISHED CAPACITY: MENS REA DEFENSE
§ 26.03 DIMINISHED CAPACITY: ?PARTIAL RESPONSIBILITY? DEFENSE

Chapter 27 ATTEMPT
§ 27.01 CRIMINAL ATTEMPTS: AN OVERVIEW TO INCHOATE CONDUCT
§ 27.02 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 27.03 ?SUBJECTIVISM? AND ?OBJECTIVISM?
§ 27.04 PUNISHING ATTEMPTS: WHY, AND HOW MUCH?
§ 27.05 MENS REA OF CRIMINAL ATTEMPTS
§ 27.06 ACTUS REUS OF CRIMINAL ATTEMPTS
§ 27.07 DEFENSE: IMPOSSIBILITY
§ 27.08 DEFENSE: ABANDONMENT
§ 27.09 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 28 SOLICITATION
§ 28.01 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 28.02 COMPARISON OF SOLICITATION TO OTHER INCHOATE OFFENSES
§ 28.03 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 29 CONSPIRACY
§ 29.01 CONSPIRACY: IN GENERAL
§ 29.02 PUNISHING CONSPIRACIES: WHY?
§ 29.03 PUNISHING CONSPIRACIES: HOW MUCH?
§ 29.04 CONSPIRACY: THE AGREEMENT
§ 29.05 CONSPIRACY: MENS REA
§ 29.06 ?PLURALITY? REQUIREMENT
§ 29.07 PARTIES TO A CONSPIRACY
§ 29.08 OBJECTIVES OF A CONSPIRACY
§ 29.09 DEFENSES

Chapter 30 LIABILITY FOR THE ACTS OF OTHERS: COMPLICITY
§ 30.01 COMPLICITY: OVERVIEW TO ACCOMPLICE AND CONSPIRATORIAL LIABILITY
§ 30.02 ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 30.03 ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY: COMMON LAW TERMINOLOGY
§ 30.04 ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY: ASSISTANCE
§ 30.05 ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY: MENS REA
§ 30.06 LIABILITY OF THE SECONDARY PARTY IN RELATION TO THE PRIMARY PARTY
§ 30.07 LIMITS TO ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY
§ 30.08 CONSPIRATORIAL LIABILITY: THE PINKERTON DOCTRINE
§ 30.09 MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 31 CRIMINAL HOMICIDE
§ 31.01 HOMICIDE
§ 31.02 CRIMINAL HOMICIDE: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 31.03 MURDER: INTENT TO KILL
§ 31.04 MURDER: INTENT TO INFLICT GRIEVOUS BODILY INJURY
§ 31.05 MURDER: EXTREME RECKLESSNESS (?DEPRAVED HEART? MURDER)
§ 31.06 MURDER: FELONY-MURDER RULE
§ 31.07 MANSLAUGHTER: PROVOCATION (?SUDDEN HEAT OF PASSION?)
§ 31.08 MANSLAUGHTER: CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE
§ 31.09 MANSLAUGHTER: UNLAWFUL-ACT (MISDEMEANORMANSLAUGHTER) DOCTRINE
§ 31.10 CRIMINAL HOMICIDE: MODEL PENAL CODE

Chapter 32 THEFT
§ 32.01 THEFT: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
§ 32.02 LARCENY: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 32.03 LARCENY: TRESPASS
§ 32.04 LARCENY: TAKING (CAPTION)
§ 32.05 LARCENY: CARRYING AWAY (ASPORTATION)
§ 32.06 LARCENY: PERSONAL PROPERTY OF ANOTHER
§ 32.07 LARCENY: INTENT TO STEAL (ANIMUS FURANDI)
§ 32.08 LARCENY: LOST AND MISLAID PROPERTY
§ 32.09 EMBEZZLEMENT
§ 32.10 FALSE PRETENSES
§ 32.11 CONSOLIDATION OF THEFT OFFENSES

Chapter 33 RAPE
§ 33.01 RAPE: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
§ 33.02 STATISTICS REGARDING RAPE
§ 33.03 SOCIAL ATTITUDES REGARDING RAPE
§ 33.04 RAPE: ACTUS REUS
§ 33.05 RAPE: MENS REA
§ 33.06 MARITAL IMMUNITY RULE
§ 33.07 PROVING RAPE AT TRIAL
§ 33.08 MODEL PENAL CODE

Table of References to the Model Penal Code
Table of Cases
Index

Joshua Dressler

Joshua Dressler is the Frank R. Strong Chair in Law at The Ohio State University College of Law. He is the author of three books (Understanding Criminal Law, UnderstandingCriminal Procedure, and Cases and Materials on Criminal Law), criminal law and procedurecommercial outlines and tapes, and more than two dozen scholarly titles on criminal law and procedure,published in journals in the United States and England. He is former Chair of the Association of AmericanLaw Schools Section on Criminal Justice, and is a member of the American Law Institute,American Society of Criminology, and Society for the Reform of Criminal Law.