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Criminal Law: Cases and Materials, Third Edition (2009)

Criminal Law: Cases and Materials, Third Edition (2009)

Arnold H. Loewy, Graham Kenan Professor of Law, University of North Carolina School of Law


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    This book differs from many other casebooks in two significant ways. First, the cases are included and edited with an eye towards the number of class hours available to teach the course. The chapters are constructed so that the content can be covered in similar blocks of time. For example, one class session covers infancy, intoxication, duress, necessity, and entrapment and two class sessions are devoted to coverage of insanity. The book can be substantially completed in a three-hour course and easily completed in a four-hour course. The other feature of this book is that it is designed to focus students' attention on the problem at hand as illustrated by the case they are studying. Before each case, the student is told why the case has been included and what they should be considering when reading the case. The notes and questions that follow each case are designed to focus the students' attention on some of the more difficult issues raised by the case.

    Professors and adjunct professors may request complimentary examination copies of LexisNexis law school publications to consider for class adoption or recommendation. Please identify the book(s) you wish to receive, provide your institutional contact information, and submit your request here.

    This book also is available in a heavily discounted, three-hole punched, alternative loose-leaf version printed on 8 ½ x 11 inch paper with wider margins and with the same pagination as the hardbound book.

    Table of Cases xxi

    Preface to the First Edition xxvii

    Preface to the 2000 Edition xxix

    CHAPTER 1. PUNISHMENT 1

    State v. Chaney, 477 P.2d 441 (Alaska 1970) 2

    Leuch v. State, 633 P.2d 1006 (Alaska 1981) 7

    Problem: Regina v. Jones, 115 Can. Crim. Cas. Ann. 273 (1956) 14

    CHAPTER 2. HOMICIDE 15

    A. Premeditation 15

    State v. Ollens, 733 P.2d 984 (Wash. 1987) 16

    State v. Johnson, 344 S.E.2d 775 (N.C 1986) 21

    B. Heat of Passion 27

    Girouard v. State, 583 A.2d 718 (Md. 1989) 27

    Freddo v. State, 155 S.W. 170 (Tenn. 1913) 31

    State v. Thornton, 730 S.W.2d 309 (Tenn. 1987) 34

    People v. Berry, 556 P.2d 777 (Cal. 1976) 42

    People v. Casassa, 404 N.E.2d 1310 (N.Y. 1980) 45

    Problem: State v. Forrest, 362 S.E.2d 252 (N.C. 1987) 51

    C. Assisted Suicide 53

    People v. Kevorkian, 527 N.W.2d 714 (Mich. 1994) 53

    Problem: In re Joseph G., 667 P.2d 1176 (Cal. 1983) 65

    D. Unintentional Killings 67

    State v. Salz, 627 A.2d 862 (Conn. 1993) 67

    Commonwealth v. Welansky, 55 N.E.2d 902 (Mass. 1944) 75

    Porter v. State, 88 So. 2d 924 (Fla. 1956) 77

    State v. Williams, 484 P.2d 1167 (Wash. App. 1971) 80

    E. Depraved Heart Murder 84

    Essex v. Commonwealth, 322 S.E.2d 216 (Va. 1984) 84

    Pears v. State, 672 P.2d 903 (Alaska App. 1983) 89

    Northington v. State, 413 So. 2d 1169 (Ala. App. 1981) 95

    Commonwealth v. Malone, 47 A.2d 445 (Pa. 1946) 97

    Problem: Berry v. Superior Court, 256 Cal. Rptr. 344 (1989) 99

    F. Felony-Murder 102

    People v. Gladman, 359 N.E.2d 420 (N.Y. 1976) 102

    People v. Phillips, 414 P.2d 353 (Cal. 1966) 106

    People v. Sears, 465 P.2d 847 (Cal. 1970) 111

    Problem: State v. Jones, 516 S.E.2d 405 (N.C. App. 1999) 116

    People v. Dekens, 695 N.E.2d 474 (Ill. 1998) 119

    People v. Aaron, 299 N.W.2d 304 (Mich. 1979) 126

    State v. Ervin, 577 A.2d 1273 (N.J. Super. A.D. 1990) 128

    CHAPTER 3. CAUSATION 133

    A. Intentional Killings 133

    People v. Brackett, 510 N.E.2d 877 (Ill. 1987) 133

    Problem 138

    B. Unintentional Killings 140

    People v. Russell, 693 N.E.2d 193 (N.Y. 1998) 140

    State v. McFadden, 320 N.W.2d 608 (Iowa 1982) 142

    State v. Caibaiosai, 363 N.W.2d 574 (Wis. 1985) 149

    Problem 154

    CHAPTER 4. ASSAULT AND KIDNAPPING 155

    A. Assault 155

    Harrod v. State, 499 A.2d 959 (Md. App. 1985) 155

    B. Kidnapping 160

    State v. Beatty, 495 S.E.2d 367 (N.C. 1998) 160

    CHAPTER 5. RAPE 165

    A. The Traditional View 165

    State v. Rusk, 424 A.2d 720 (Md. 1981) 165

    B. Legislative Reform 176

    Commonwealth v. Berkowitz, 641 A.2d 1161 (Pa. 1994) 176

    State of New Jersey in the Interest of M.T.S., 609 A.2d 1266 (N.J. 1992) 180

    C. Undue Influence 192

    State v. Thompson, 792 P.2d 1103 (Mont. 1990) 192

    D. Fraud 196

    Boro v. Superior Court, 210 Cal. Rptr. 122 (Cal. App. 1985) 196

    E. Juridical Limitations 201

    People v. Liberta, 474 N.E.2d 567 (N.Y. 1984) 201

    Problem 205

    Problem 206

    CHAPTER 6. SELF-DEFENSE 207

    A. In General 207

    State v. Schroeder, 261 N.W.2d 759 (Neb. 1978) 207

    State v. Norman, 378 S.E.2d 8 (N.C. 1989) 211

    B. Retreat Rule 224

    People v. Russell, 693 N.E.2d 193 (N.Y. 1998) 224

    Weiand v. State, 24 Fla. L. Weekly S124 (1999) 224

    C. Defense of Others 234

    People v. Young, 183 N.E.2d 319 (N.Y. 1962) 234

    D. Imperfect Self-Defense 237

    Shuck v. State, 349 A.2d 378 (Md. App. 1975) 237

    E. Resisting Arrest 240

    People v. Curtis, 450 P.2d 33 (Cal. 1962) 240

    F. Crime Prevention 244

    Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985) 244

    State v. Clothier, 753 P.2d 1267 (Kan. 1988) 253

    United States v. Hillsman, 522 F.2d 454 (7th Cir. 1975) 256

    Problem: People v. Goetz, 497 N.E.2d 41 (N.Y. 1986) 258

    CHAPTER 7. THEFT 261

    A. Larceny 261

    Topolewski v. State, 109 N.W. 1037 (Wis. 1906) 261

    United States v. Pruitt, 446 F.2d 513 (6th Cir. 1971) 264

    United States v. Rogers, 289 F.2d 433 (4th Cir. 1961) 265

    Blackburn v. Commonwealth, 89 S.W. 160 (Ky. 1905) 267

    People v. Butler, 421 P.2d 703 (Cal. 1967) 269

    B. Embezzlement 272

    People v. Riggins, 132 N.E.2d 519 (Ill. 1956) 272

    Commonwealth v. Mitchneck, 198 A. 463 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1938) 275

    C. False Pretenses 277

    People v. Ashley, 267 P.2d 271 (Cal. 1954) 277

    Nelson v. United States, 227 F.2d 21 (D.C. Cir. 1955) 281

    D. Receiving Stolen Property 285

    Commonwealth v. Baker, 175 A. 438 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1934) 285

    E. Robbery 287

    People v. Patton, 389 N.E.2d 1174 (Ill. 1979) 287

    People v. Baskerville, 457 N.E.2d 752 (N.Y. 1983) 289

    F. Extortion 292

    State v. Harrington, 260 A.2d 692 (Vt. 1970) 292

    G. Burglary 297

    People v. Davis, 958 P.2d 1083 (Cal. 1998) 297

    CHAPTER 8. MENS REA 311

    A. In General 311

    Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246 (1952) 311

    Regina v. Pembliton, 12 Cox Crim. Cas. 607 (Cr. App. 1874) 318

    United States v. Jewell, 532 F.2d 697 (9th Cir. 1976) 320

    B. Liability Without Fault 326

    Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246 (1952) 326

    State v. Campbell, 691 N.E.2d 711 (Ohio App. 2d Dist. 1997) 328

    Problem: United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975) 334

    State v. Guminga, 395 N.W.2d 344 (Minn. 1986) 337

    Garnett v. State, 632 A.2d 797 (Md. 1993) 341

    C. Mistake of Fact 357

    D.P.P. v. Morgan, 2 All E.R. 365 (1975) 357

    United States v. Short, 4 U.S.M.C.A. 437 (1954) 360

    D. Mistake of Law 364

    People v. Marrero, 507 N.E.2d 1068 (N.Y. 1987) 364

    Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225 (1957) 374

    E. Mistake of Law and Willfulness: A Lesson in Statutory Interpretation 378

    Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192 (1991) 378

    Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135 (1994) 386

    Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184 (1998) 394

    CHAPTER 9. ACTUS REUS 403

    A. In General 403

    Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962) 404

    Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968) 405

    State v. Baker, 571 P.2d 65 (Kan. App. 1977) 409

    State v. Hinkle, 489 S.E.2d 257 (W. Va. 1996) 413

    Problem 419

    People v. Decina, 138 N.E.2d 799 (N.Y. 1956) 420

    B. Failure to Act 424

    Jones v. United States, 308 F.2d 307 (D.C. Cir. 1962) 424

    Davis v. Commonwealth, 335 S.E.2d 375 (Va. 1985) 427

    Commonwealth v. Cali, 141 N.E. 510 (Mass. 1923) 429

    Problem 430

    CHAPTER 10. INTOXICATION 433

    State v. Coates, 735 P.2d 64 (Wash. 1987) 433

    State v. Cameron, 514 A.2d 1302 (N.J. 1986) 437

    People v. Register, 457 N.E.2d 704 (N.Y. 1983) 443

    Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37 (1996) 448

    CHAPTER 11. INFANCY 463

    J.F.B. v. State, 729 So. 2d 355 (Ala. Crim. App. 1998) 463

    Maddox v. State, 931 S.W.2d 438 (Ark. 1996) 465

    Butler v. State, 922 S.W.2d 685 (Ark. 1996) 468

    Commonwealth v. Kocher, 602 A.2d 1308 (Pa. 1992) 470

    CHAPTER 12. DURESS AND NECESSITY 477

    A. Duress 477

    People v. Carradine, 287 N.E.2d 670 (Ill. 1972) 477

    State v. Toscano, 378 A.2d 755 (N.J. 1977) 479

    State v. Tuttle, 730 P.2d 630 (Utah 1986) 486

    Problem: United States v. Contento-Pachon, 723 F.2d 691 (9th Cir. 1984) 489

    B. Necessity 491

    People v. Archer, 537 N.Y.S.2d 726 (City Ct. Rochester 1988) 491

    Gerlach v. State, 699 P.2d 358 (Alaska App. 1985) 497

    State v. Tate, 505 A.2d 941 (N.J. 1986) 500

    People v. Blake, 522 N.E.2d 822 (Ill. App. 1988) 504

    Problem: Regina v. Dudley and Stephens, 15 Cox Crim. Cas. 624 (Q.B. 1884) 507

    CHAPTER 13. ENTRAPMENT 509

    Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369 (1958) 509

    Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540 (1992) 515

    State v. Powell, 726 P.2d 266 (Haw. 1986) 525

    United States v. Gamble, 737 F.2d 853 (10th Cir. 1984) 527

    CHAPTER 14. INSANITY 533

    United States v. Lyons, 731 F.2d 243, 739 F.2d 994 (5th Cir. 1984) 534

    State v. Cameron, 674 P.2d 650 (Wash. 1983) 539

    Problem: State v. Jones, 920 P.2d 225 (Wash. App. Div. 3 1996) 545

    State v. Herrera, 895 P.2d 359 (Utah 1995) 545

    Problem: People v. Wetmore, 583 P.2d 1308 (Cal. 1978) 567

    Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399 (1986) 568

    Problem 572

    CHAPTER 15. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 573

    Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420 (1980) 574

    Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808 (1991) 577

    Problem: Sumner v. Shuman, 483 U.S. 66 (1987) 599

    Problem: California v. Brown, 479 U.S. 538 (1987) 600

    Problem 600

    CHAPTER 16. BURDEN OF PROOF AND PRESUMPTIONS 601

    A. Burden of Proof 601

    In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970) 601

    Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1 (1994) 604

    B. Shifting the Burden 621

    Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197 (1977) 621

    Martin v. Ohio, 480 U.S. 228 (1987) 628

    C. Presumptions 633

    Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979) 633

    Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37 (1996) 635

    CHAPTER 17. ATTEMPT 639

    A. Mens Rea 639

    Smallwood v. State, 680 A.2d 512 (Md. 1996) 640

    People v. Thomas, 729 P.2d 972 (Colo. 1986) 644

    State v. Stewart, 420 N.W.2d 44 (Wis. 1988) 649

    B. Actus Reus 652

    People v. Rizzo, 158 N.E. 888 (N.Y. 1927) 652

    McQuirter v. State, 63 So. 2d 388 (Ala. App. 1953) 654

    State v. Stewart, 420 N.W.2d 44 (Wis. 1988) 657

    United States v. Still, 850 F.2d 607 (9th Cir. 1988) 660

    State v. Davis, 6 S.W.2d 609 (Mo. 1928) 662

    C. Abandonment 667

    State v. Gartlan, 512 S.E.2d 74 (N.C. App. 1999) 667

    People v. Johnson, 750 P.2d 72 (Colo. App. 1987) 669

    Problem: Wormsley v. United States, 526 A.2d 1373 (D.C. App. 1987) 670

    D. Impossibility 673

    Booth v. State, 398 P.2d 863 (Okla. Ct. App. 1964) 673

    Problem 680

    CHAPTER 18. COMPLICITY 681

    A. Actus Reus 681

    Bailey v. United States, 416 F.2d 1110 (D.C. Cir. 1969) 681

    B. Mens Rea (Intentional Crimes) 687

    People v. Beeman, 674 P.2d 1318 (Cal. 1984) 687

    United States v. Fountain, 768 F.2d 790 (7th Cir. 1985) 693

    People v. Kessler, 315 N.E.2d 29 (Ill. 1974) 696

    C. Mens Rea (Unintentional Crimes) 702

    State v. McVay, 132 A. 439 (R.I. 1926) 702

    People v. Marshall, 106 N.W.2d 842 (Mich. 1961) 704

    D. Relationship to Principal's Liability 706

    Pendry v. State, 367 A.2d 627 (Del. 1976) 706

    Problem: Regina v. Richards, 1976 Q.B. 776 (1973) 707

    CHAPTER 19. CONSPIRACY 709

    A. The Agreement 709

    Regle v. State, 264 A.2d 119 (Md. App. 1970) 709

    State v. Kihnel, 488 So. 2d 1238 (La. App. 1986) 712

    Gebardi v. United States, 287 U.S. 112 (1932) 715

    People v. Macklowitz, 514 N.Y.S.2d 883 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1987) 719

    B. Mens Rea 724

    United States v. Feola, 420 U.S. 671 (1975) 724

    People v. Lauria, 59 Cal. Rptr. 628 (Cal. App. 1967) 727

    United States v. Brown, 776 F.2d 397 (2d Cir. 1985) 733

    C. Conspiracy and Complicity 738

    Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640 (1946) 738

    D. Withdrawal 742

    United States v. Read, 658 F.2d 1225 (7th Cir. 1981) 742

    E. Procedural Peculiarities 746

    Krulewitch v. United States, 336 U.S. 440 (1949) 746

    CHAPTER 20. RICO 753

    United States v. Turkette, 452 U.S. 576 (1981) 753

    United States v. Licavoli, 725 F.2d 1040 (6th Cir. 1984) 756

    United States v. Teitler, 802 F.2d 606 (2d Cir. 1986) 760

    United States v. Sutherland, 656 F.2d 1181 (5th Cir. 1981) 765

    CHAPTER 21. CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY 769

    State v. Christy Pontiac-GMC, Inc., 354 N.W.2d 17 (Minn. 1984) 769

    State v. Richard Knutson, Inc., 537 N.W.2d 420 (Wis. Ct. App. 1995) 773

    United States v. Cincotta, 689 F.2d 238 (1st Cir. 1982) 782

    CHAPTER 22. FAIR NOTICE 787

    Keeler v. Superior Court, 470 P.2d 617 (Cal. 1970) 787

    People v. Hall, 557 N.Y.S.2d 879 (N.Y. App. Div. 1990) 793

    Papachristou v. Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156 (1972) 797

    Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352 (1983) 801

    Chicago v. Morales, 119 S. Ct. 1849 (1999) 803

    Problem 820

    CHAPTER 23. VICTIMLESS CRIMES 823

    Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986) 823

    People v. Samuels, 58 Cal. Rptr. 439 (Cal. App. 1967) 825

    APPENDIX A: Model Penal Code (selected provisions) 827

    APPENDIX B: Arnold H. Loewy, Culpability, Dangerousness, and Harm: Balancing the Factors on Which Our Criminal Law Is Predicated, 66 N.C. L. Rev. 283 (1988) 905

    Index 937

     

    Arnold H. Loewy


     

 
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