Table of the Federal Rules of Evidence, liii

Table of Articles, lvii

Table of Books and Treatises, lxi

Table of Evidentiary Foundations, lxiii

Table of Miscellaneous Authorities, lxv

Preface and Acknowledgments, lxvii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION: THE CONCEPT OF EVIDENCE, 1

John H. Wigmore, 1 EVIDENCE _ 1 (3d ed. 1940), 1

James B. Thayer, A PRELIMINARY TREATISE ON EVIDENCE AT THE COMMON LAW 263-64 (1898), 2

Sir William Blackstone, COMMENTARIES ON THE LAWS OF ENGLAND 367 (1768), 2

Jerome Michael & Mortimer J. Adler, Real Proof, 5 VAND. L. REV. 334 (1952), 3

Notes and Questions, 3

CHAPTER II: PRELIMINARY MATTERS, 5

A. ALTERNATIVES TO FORMAL PROOF, 5

1. Judicial Notice, 5

a. Introduction, 5

James B. Thayer, A PRELIMINARY TREATISE ON EVIDENCE AT THE COMMON LAW 277, 279-80 (1898), 5

b. Adjudicative Facts, 6

Varcoe v. Lee, 181 P. 223 (Cal. 1919), 6

Edmund M. Morgan, Judicial Notice, 57 HARV. L. REV. 269 (1944), 9

Notes and Questions, 10

John H. Wigmore, 9 EVIDENCE _ 2579 (3d ed. 1940), 10

Notes and Questions, 11

Charles T. McCormick, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE _ 330 (4th ed. 1992), 12

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of William "Duff" Armstrong, 12

Notes and Questions, 13

State v. Graham, 322 S.W.2d 188 (Mo. Ct. App. 1959), 14

c. Law, 16

John Maguire, EVIDENCE: COMMON SENSE AND COMMON LAW 168-69 (1947), 16

Uniform Judicial Notice of Foreign Law Act, 17

Notes and Questions, 17

d. Legislative Facts, 18

Muller v. Oregon, 208 U.S. 412 (1908), 18

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 207-08 (Burger, C.J., concurring), 19

Dean Alfange, Jr., The Relevance of Legislative Facts in Constitutional Law, 114 U. PA. L. REV. 637, 639-40, 667-69 (1966), 20

Notes and Questions, 22

Federal Rule of Evidence 201: Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts, 22

Notes and Questions, 23

2. Other Options, 25

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16: Pre-Trial Procedure: Formulating Issues, 25

Notes and Questions, 25

B. TYPES OF FORMAL PROOF, 26

1. Real Evidence, 26

John H. Wigmore, 1 EVIDENCE _ 24 (3d ed. 1940), 26

Notes and Questions, 26

2. Demonstrative Evidence, 27

Uss v. Town of Oyster Bay, 339 N.E.2d 147 (N.Y. 1975), 27

Notes and Questions, 28

3. Testimonial Evidence, 29

C. BASIC CONDITIONS OF ADMISSIBILITY, 30

1. Introduction, 30

James B. Thayer, A PRELIMINARY TREATISE ON EVIDENCE AT THE COMMON LAW 264-65 (1898), 30

Note, 30

Federal Rule of Evidence 103: Rulings on Evidence, 31

Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 103: Rulings on Evidence, 31

Notes and Questions, 32

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of John T. Scopes, 32

2. Relevance and Materiality, 38

George F. James, Relevancy, Probability and The Law, 29 CAL. L. REV. 689, 690-91 (1941), 38

Barnett v. State, 135 N.E. 647 (Ohio 1922), 39

Lynch v. Rosenberger, 249 P. 682 (Kan. 1926), 39

Questions, 39

Federal Rule of Evidence 401: Definition of "Relevant Evidence", 40

United States v. Curtis, 568 F.2d 643 (9th Cir. 1978), 40

Question, 42

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Sirhan Sirhan, 42

3. Competence, 43

Charles E. Torcia, 1 WHARTON'S CRIMINAL EVIDENCE _ 154 (13th ed. 1972), 43

Jerome Prince, RICHARDSON ON EVIDENCE _ 4 (10th ed. 1973), 44

4. Legal Relevance, 44

Herman L. Trautman, Logical or Legal Relevance--A Conflict in Theory, 5 VAND. L. REV. 385, 389-90 (1952), 44

Notes and Questions, 45

George F. James, Relevancy, Probability and the Law, 29 CAL. L. REV. 689, 701-04 (1941), 45

Federal Rule of Evidence 403: Exclusion of Relevant Evidence on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of Time, 47

Question, 47

United States v. Old Chief, 519 U.S. 172 (1997), 47

Question, 57

5. Evidentiary Foundations, 58

Evidentiary Foundation: People v. Chambers, 58

Mason Ladd, Objections, Motions and Foundation Testimony, 43 CORNELL L.Q. 543, 543 (1958), 60

James E. McElhaney, TRIAL NOTEBOOK 304, 298-303 (3d ed. 1981), 60

Question, 64

Federal Rule of Evidence 901: Requirement of Authentication or Identification, 64

Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 901(b)(11) & (12): Self-Authentication, 65

United States v. Reilly, 33 F.3d 1396 (3d Cir. 1994), 66

Notes and Questions, 67

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, 67

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of John W. Jenrette, Jr., 72

Evidentiary Foundation: State v. Hoffman, 78

D. PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS OF FACT: THE ROLE OF JUDGE AND JURY, 80

Edmund M. Morgan, Functions of Judge and Jury in the Determination of Preliminary Questions of Fact, 43 HARV. L. REV. 165, 165-69 (1929), 80

Federal Rule of Evidence 104: Preliminary Questions, 82

Notes and Questions, 83

CHAPTER III: THE EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES, 87

A. TESTIMONIAL COMPETENCE, 87

1. Introduction, 87

3 THE COLLECTED WORKS OF AMBROSE BIERCE 415 (1910), 87

Scott Rowley, The Competency of Witnesses, 24 IOWA L. REV. 482, 485-90 (1939), 87

2. Incompetence by Reason of Status: Traditional Limitations, 89

a. Spousal Incompetence, 89

Robert M. Hutchins & Donald Slesinger, Some Observations on the Law of Evidence: Family Relations, 13 MINN. L. REV. 675, 675 (1929), 89

Notes and Questions, 90

State v. Lee, 54 So. 326 (La. 1911), 91

Notes and Questions, 92

b. Dead Man's Statutes, 93

Roy R. Ray, Dead Man's Statutes, 24 OHIO ST. L.J. 89, 89-108 (1963), 93

Ward v. Kovacs, 390 N.Y.S.2d 931 (N.Y. App. Div. 3d Dept. 1977), 97

Questions, 100

c. Infamous Crimes, 101

42 Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Annotated _ 5922 (1982), 101

Vermont Statutes Annotated, Title 12, _ 1608 (1973), 101

Notes and Questions, 102

d. Jurors, 102

Hoffman v. City of St. Paul, 245 N.W. 373 (Minn. 1932), 102

Notes and Questions, 103

Federal Rule of Evidence 606: Competency of Juror as Witness, 104

Smith v. Brewer, 444 F. Supp. 482 (S.D. Iowa 1978), 104

Notes and Questions, 110

3. The Elements of Modern Competence, 111

Robert M. Hutchins & Donald Slesinger, Some Observations on the Law of Evidence--The Competency of Witnesses, 37 YALE L.J. 1017, 1017-18 (1928), 111

Notes and Questions, 112

Schneiderman v. Interstate Transit Lines, 69 N.E.2d 293 (Ill. 1946), 112

Federal Rule of Evidence 601: General Rule of Competency, 116

Questions, 116

Evidentiary Foundation: State v. Ramsey, 118

Federal Rule of Evidence 602: Lack of Personal Knowledge, 120

Notes and Questions, 120

Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44 (1987), 121

Kaelin v. State, 410 So. 2d 1355 (Fla. App. 1982), 123

Federal Rule of Evidence 603: Oath or Affirmation, 125

Notes and Questions, 125

People v. Walker, 231 P. 572 (Cal. App. 1924), 126

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Susan B. Anthony, 129

B. THE PRESENTATION OF PROOF: BASIC LIMITATIONS, 132

1. Introduction, 132

Joseph Heller, CATCH 22, 75-76 (1962), 132

Charles A. Wright & Kenneth W. Graham, 21 FEDERAL PRACTICE & PROCEDURE, EVIDENCE _ 5036 (1977), 133

Federal Rule of Evidence 611(a): Mode and Order of Interrogation and Presentation: Control by Court, 133

Notes and Questions, 133

2. The Rule Against Leading Questions, 134

Baron Brampton, 1 THE REMINISCENCES OF SIR HENRY HAWKINS 30 (R. Harris ed. 1940), 134

Federal Rule of Evidence 611(c): Mode and Order of Interrogation and Presentation: Leading Questions, 134

Notes and Questions, 135

Stahl v. Sun Microsystems, Inc., 775 F. Supp. 1397 (D. Colo. 1991), 136

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Lizzie Borden, 137

3. Assisting the Forgetful Witness, 140

United States v. Riccardi, 174 F.2d 883 (3d Cir. 1949), 140

Federal Rule of Evidence 612: Writing Used to Refresh Memory, 146

Notes and Questions, 146

Sporck v. Peil, 759 F.2d 312 (3d Cir. 1985), 147

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Roland Burnham Molineux, 154

4. The Rule Against Hearsay, 155

5. The Best Evidence Rule, 155

John Maguire, EVIDENCE: COMMON SENSE AND COMMON LAW 31-32 (1947), 155

Anthony J. Bocchino & David A. Sonenshein, A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO FEDERAL EVIDENCE (1988), 156

Charles T. McCormick, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE __ 231, 233 (4th ed. 1992), 157

Meyers v. United States, 171 F.2d 800 (D.C. Cir. 1948), 158

United States v. Gonzales-Benitez, 537 F.2d 1051 (9th Cir. 1976), 162

Federal Rule of Evidence 1001: Definitions, 163

Federal Rule of Evidence 1002: Requirement of Original, 164

Federal Rule of Evidence 1003: Admissibility of Duplicates 164

Federal Rule of Evidence 1004: Admissibility of Other Evidence of Contents, 164

Federal Rule of Evidence 1005: Public Records, 164

Federal Rule of Evidence 1006: Summaries, 165

Federal Rule of Evidence 1007: Testimony or Written Admission of Party, 165

Federal Rule of Evidence 1008: Functions of Court and Jury, 165

Notes and Questions, 165

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, 166

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Jeffrey Weissberg et al., 173

6. Rules Limiting Opinion Testimony, 175

a. The Non-Opinion Rule, 175

Carter v. Boehm, 3 Burr. 1905, 97 Eng. Rep. 1162 (K.B. 1796), 175

Mason Ladd, Expert Testimony, 5 VAND. L. REV. 414, 414-16 (1952), 175

b. The Lay Witness Exception, 176

United States v. LeRoy, 944 F.2d 787 (10th Cir. 1991), 176

Federal Rule of Evidence 701: Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses, 178

Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 701: Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses, 178

United States v. Cox, 633 F.2d 871 (9th Cir. 1980), 179

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, 180

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Dr. Carl Coppolino, 182

c. The Expert Witness Exception to the Non-Opinion Rule, 182

Mason Ladd, Expert Testimony, 5 VAND. L. REV. 414, 417-19 (1952), 182

Een v. Consolidated Freightways, Inc., 120 F. Supp. 289 (D.N.D. 1954), 183

Stafford v. Mussers Potato Chips, Inc., 39 A.D.2d 831, 333 N.Y.S.2d 139 (4th Dept. 1972), 185

Federal Rule of Evidence 702: Testimony by Experts, 185

Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 702: Testimony by Experts, 186

Notes and Questions, 186

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), 187

Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 119 S. Ct. 1167 (1999), 197

United States v. Locascio, 6 F.3d 924 (2d Cir. 1993), 203

Notes and Questions, 208

Mason Ladd, Expert Testimony, 5 VAND. L. REV. 414, 421-22 (1952), 208

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Wayne Williams, 209

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, 211

Notes and Questions, 212

William B. Stoebuck, Opinions on Ultimate Facts: Status, Trends, and a Note of Caution, 41 DEN. L.J. 226, 226-27 (1964), 213

Mason Ladd, Expert Testimony, 5 VAND. L. REV. 414, 423-24 (1952), 214

Berry v. City of Detroit, 25 F.3d 1342 (6th Cir. 1994), 215

United States v. Scavo, 593 F.2d 837 (8th Cir. 1979), 218

Notes and Questions, 220

Federal Rule of Evidence 704: Opinion on Ultimate Issue, 220

Note, 221

Notes and Questions, 222

Charles T. McCormick, Some Observations Upon the Opinion Rule and Expert Testimony, 23 TEX. L. REV. 109, 122-26 (1945), 222

John H. Wigmore, 2 EVIDENCE _ 686 (3d ed. 1940), 224

Federal Rule of Evidence 705: Disclosure of Facts or Data Underlying Expert Opinion, 225

Notes and Questions, 225

McClellan v. Morrison, 434 A.2d 23 (Me. 1981), 226

Federal Rule of Evidence 703: Bases of Opinion Testimony by Experts, 228

Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 703: Bases of Opinion Testimony by Experts, 228

Notes and Questions, 228

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Richard Herrin, 229

C. IMPEACHMENT, CROSS-EXAMINATION, AND RELATED PROBLEMS, 233

1. Impeachment by Cross-Examination, 233

John M. Wigmore, A POCKET CODE OF THE RULES OF EVIDENCE IN TRIALS AT LAW 137 (1910), 233

John M. Wigmore, 5 EVIDENCE _ 1367 (3d ed. 1940), 233

Notes and Questions, 234

2. Impeaching Your Own Witness: The Vouching Rule, 235

Colledge's Trial, 8 How. St. Tr. 549, 636 (1681), 235

Testimony Cites Morris, Who Will Take Stand, NASHVILLE TENNESSEAN, Nov. 4, 1982, p. 65, col. 1, 235

Note, Impeaching One's Own Witness, 49 VA. L. REV. 996 (1963), 236

Johnson v. Baltimore & O.R. Co., 208 F.2d 633 (3d Cir. 1952), 236

Federal Rule of Evidence 607: Who May Impeach, 239

3. The Scope of Cross-Examination, 240

Charles T. McCormick, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE _ 21 (4th ed. 1992), 240

Federal Rule of Evidence 611(b): Mode and Order of Interrogation and Presentation: Scope of Cross-Examination, 241

David W. Louisell & Christopher B. Mueller, 3 FEDERAL EVIDENCE _ 332 (1979), 241

Notes and Questions, 243

4. Impeachment Modes, 243

a. Pursuing the Competence Factors, 243

Irving Younger, THE ART OF CROSS-EXAMINATION 2-7 (1976), 243

United States v. Sampol, 636 F.2d 621 (D.C. Cir. 1980), 248

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of John T. Scopes, 250

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, 254

b. Pursuing the Credibility Factors, 255

1) Bias, Interest, Prejudice, and Corruption, 255

William G. Hale, Bias as Affecting Credibility, 1 HASTINGS L.J. 1 (1949), 255

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bernhard Goetz, 255

Notes and Questions, 256

Unites States v. Abel, 469 U.S. 45 (1984), 256

Notes and Questions, 260

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, 261

2) Prior Crimes, 262

Mason Ladd, Credibility Tests--Current Trends, 89 U. PA. L. REV. 166, 174-76 (1940), 262

Questions, 264

Carl McGowan, Impeachment of Criminal Defendants by Prior Convictions, 2 L. & SOC. ORD. 1 (1970) 264

Federal Rule of Evidence 609: Impeachment by Evidence of Conviction of Crime, 269

Notes and Questions, 270

People v. Sandoval, 314 N.E.2d 413 (N.Y. 1974), 270

Notes and Questions, 274

Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38 (1984), 275

Notes and Questions, 277

United States v. Smith, 551 F.2d 348 (D.C. Cir. 1976), 277

Notes and Questions, 285

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, 285

David A. Sonenshein, Circuit Roulette: The Use of Prior Convictions to Impeach Witnesses in Civil Cases Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, 57 GEO. WASH. U. L. REV. 279 (1989), 287

3) Prior Bad Acts, 289

William G. Hale, Specific Acts and Related Matters as Affecting Credibility, 1 HASTINGS L.J. 89, 89-91 (1949) 289

United States v. Provoo, 215 F.2d 531 (2d Cir. 1954), 290

Federal Rule of Evidence 608(b)(1): Evidence of Conduct of Witnesses, 294

Notes and Questions, 295

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Henry Lazarus, 296

Simmons, Inc. v. Pinkerton's, Inc., 762 F.2d 591 (7th Cir. 1985), 299

Notes and Questions, 302

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Jesse R. Davis, 303

4) Prior Inconsistent Statements, 307

Charles T. McCormick, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE _ 28 (4th ed. 1992), 307

Federal Rule of Evidence 613: Prior Statements of Witnesses, 308

Notes and Questions, 309

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Alger Hiss, 311

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams, Jr., 315

5) The Character Witness for Veracity, 317

Mason Ladd, Credibility Tests--Current Trends, 89 U. PA. L. REV. 165, 171-74 (1940), 317

Federal Rule of Evidence 608: Evidence of Character and Conduct of Witness, 319

Questions, 319

United States v. Mandel, 591 F.2d 1347 (4th Cir. 1979), 320

Mason Ladd, Techniques and Theory of Character Testimony, 24 IOWA L. REV. 498, 518-26 (1939), 321

6) Special Procedures for Experts, 325

Ruth v. Fenchel, 121 A.2d 373 (N.J. 1956), 325

Notes and Questions, 329

United States v. Taylor, 510 F.2d 1283 (D.C. Cir. 1975), 331

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Herman Marion Sweatt, 333

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Dr. Sam Sheppard, 334

5. Rehabilitation after Impeachment, 335

People v. Singer, 89 N.E.2d 710 (N.Y. 1949), 335

Notes and Questions, 337

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, 337

United States v. Medical Therapy Sciences, Inc., 583 F.2d 36 (2d Cir. 1978), 339

Notes and Questions, 343

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, 343

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams, Jr., 345

CHAPTER IV: RELEVANCY REFINED, 347

A. MATHEMATICAL PROOF, 347

Laurence H. Tribe, Trial by Mathematics: Precision and Ritual in the Legal Process, 84 HARV. L. REV. 1329, 1332-38 (1971), 347

State v. Garrison, 585 P.2d 563 (Ariz. 1978), 351

Notes and Questions, 355

Smith v. Rapid Transit, 58 N.E.2d 754 (Mass. 1945), 356

Notes and Questions, 357

B. SUBSTANTIVE CHARACTER EVIDENCE, 359

1. A Critical Distinction, 359

Note, 359

2. Types of Substantive Character Evidence, 360

Graham C. Lilly, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF EVIDENCE 103-05 (1978), 360

3. Character Evidence in a Civil Context, 361

Mutual Life Ins. Co. of Baltimore v. Kelly, 197 N.E. 235 (Ohio App. 1934), 361

Question, 363

4. Character Evidence in a Criminal Context, 363

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Alger Hiss, 363

Questions, 364

Michelson v. United States, 335 U.S. 469 (1948), 365

Federal Rule of Evidence 404(a): Character Evidence Not Admissible to Prove Conduct, 374

Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 404(a): Character Evidence Not Admissible to Prove Conduct, 374

Federal Rule of Evidence 405: Methods of Proving Character, 375

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Pete Seeger, 375

Notes and Questions, 380

5. Special Rules for Other Crimes, 382

Federal Rule of Evidence 412: Sex Offense Cases; Relevance of Alleged Victim's Past Behavior or Alleged Sexual Predisposition, 382

Federal Rule of Evidence 413: Evidence of Similar Crimes in Sexual Assault Cases, 383

Federal Rule of Evidence 414: Evidence of Similar Crimes in Child Molestation Cases, 383

Federal Rule of Evidence 415: Evidence of Similar Acts in Civil Cases Concerning Sexual Assault or Child Molestation, 384

J. Alexander Tanford & Anthony J. Bocchino, Rape Victim Shield Laws and the Sixth Amendment, 128 U. PA. L. REV. 544, 546, 550 (1980), 384

Rex v. Smith, [1914-15] All E.R. 262 (Crim. App. 1915), 388

United States v. Woods, 484 F.2d 127 (4th Cir. 1973), 389

Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b): Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts, 392

Notes and Questions, 393

United States v. Hearst, 563 F.2d 1331 (9th Cir. 1977), 394

Heyne v. Caruso, 69 F.3d 1475 (9th Cir. 1995), 397

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Wayne Williams, 404

C. OTHER EXAMPLES OF LEGAL RELEVANCE, 412

1. Habit and Custom, 412

M.C. Slough, Relevancy Unraveled, Part II, 5 U. KAN. L. REV. 404, 444-49 (1957), 412

Federal Rule of Evidence 406: Habit: Routine Practice, 413

Notes and Questions, 413

Reyes v. Missouri Pacific Railroad Co., 589 F.2d 791 (5th Cir. 1979), 414

Notes and Questions, 416

2. Subsequent Remedial Measures, 416

M.C. Slough, Relevancy Unraveled, Part III, 5 U. KAN. L. REV. 675, 705-09 (1957), 416

Flaminio v. Honda Motor Co., 733 F.2d 463 (7th Cir. 1984), 418

Federal Rule of Evidence 407: Subsequent Remedial Measures, 421

Notes and Questions, 421

Maine Rule of Evidence 407: Subsequent Remedial Measures; Notification of Defect, 421

3. Compromise Offers and Settlements, 422

M.C. Slough, Relevancy Unraveled, Part III, 5 U. KAN. L. REV. 675, 718-20 (1957), 422

Federal Rule of Evidence 408: Compromise and Offers to Compromise, 423

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Gear Petroleum, Inc., 948 F.2d 1542 (10th Cir. 1991), 423

Federal Rule of Evidence 409: Payment of Medical and Similar Expenses, 427

Federal Rule of Evidence 410: Inadmissibility of Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements, 427

4. Liability Insurance, 428

M.C. Slough, Relevancy Unraveled, Part III, 5 U. KAN. L. REV. 675, 710-18 (1957), 428

Federal Rule of Evidence 411: Liability Insurance, 430

Questions, 430

Federal Rule of Evidence 412: Sex Offense Cases; Relevance of Alleged Victim's Past Behavior or Alleged Sexual Predisposition, 430

CHAPTER V: THE HEARSAY RULES, 433

A. THE RULE AGAINST HEARSAY, 433

Federal Rule of Evidence 802: Hearsay Rule, 433

Notes, 433

B. RATIONALE FOR THE RULE, 434

Carl C. Wheaton, What Is Hearsay?, 46 IOWA L. REV. 210, 219-22 (1961), 434

Edmund M. Morgan, Hearsay Dangers and the Application of the Hearsay Concept, 62 HARV. L. REV. 177, 177-79 (1948), 435

Queen v. Hepburn, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 290 (1813), 437

Questions, 440

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams, Jr., 440

C. DEFINING HEARSAY--BASIC CONCEPTS, 441

Carl C. Wheaton, What Is Hearsay?, 46 IOWA L. REV. 210, 210-11 (1961), 441

Roger C. Park, McCormick on Evidence and the Concept of Hearsay: A Critical Analysis Followed By Suggestions to Law Teachers, 65 MINN. L. REV. 423, 424 (1981), 442

Notes and Questions, 442

Anderson v. United States, 417 U.S. 211 (1974), 442

Question, 444

Federal Rules of Evidence 801 (a) & (c): Definitions, 444

United States v. Brown, 548 F.2d 1194 (5th Cir. 1977), 444

Notes and Questions, 450

D. THE APPLICATION OF BASIC CONCEPTS, 451

Charles T. McCormick, The Borderland of Hearsay, 39 YALE L.J. 488, 489 (1930), 451

Carl C. Wheaton, What Is Hearsay?, 46 IOWA L. REV. 210, 215-18 (1961), 451

Creaghe v. Iowa Home Mutual Casualty Co., 323 F.2d 981 (10th Cir. 1963), 453

United States v. Jones, 663 F.2d 567 (5th Cir. 1981), 454

United States v. DeVincent, 632 F.2d 147 (1st Cir. 1980), 455

Betts v. Betts, 473 P.2d 403 (Wash. App. 1970), 457

Questions, 459

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Westbrook Pegler, 459

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Willie Riviello, 460

Notes and Questions, 462

United States v. McLennan, 563 F.2d 943 (9th Cir. 1977), 462

Notes and Questions, 465

E. EVASIVE ANALYSIS, 466

People v. Felder, 337 N.E.2d 606 (N.Y. 1975), 466

Notes and Questions, 467

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Wayne Williams, 467

United States v. Snow, 517 F.2d 441 (9th Cir. 1975), 468

Questions, 470

People v. Barnhart, 153 P.2d 214 (Cal. App. 1944), 471

Questions, 473

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams, Jr., 473

Question, 475

F. CONDUCT AND IMPLIED STATEMENTS, 476

Stevenson v. Commonwealth, 237 S.E.2d 779 (Va. 1977), 476

State v. Galvan, 297 N.W.2d 344 (Iowa 1980), 477

Notes and Questions, 479

Judson F. Falknor, The "Hear-Say" Rule as a "See-Do" Rule: Evidence of Conduct, 33 ROCKY MT. L. REV. 133, 133-34 (1961), 480

United States v. Zenni, 492 F. Supp. 464 (E.D. Ky. 1980), 481

Notes and Questions, 486

Park v. Huff, 493 F.2d 923 (5th Cir. 1974), 487

Notes and Questions, 489

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Charles Manson, 489

Silver v. New York Central R. Co., 105 N.E.2d 923 (Mass. 1952), 490

Question, 491

G. DEFINING THE HEARSAY DECLARANT, 492

People v. Centolella, 61 Misc. 2d 723, 305 N.Y.S.2d 279 (Oneida Cty. Ct. 1969), 492

Federal Rules of Evidence 801(b) & (c): Definitions, 493

Charles T. McCormick, The Turncoat Witness: Previous Statements as Substantive Evidence, 25 TEX. L. REV. 573, 573-77 (1947), 493

United States v. Biener, 52 F. Supp. 54 (E.D. Pa. 1943), 496

United States v. DeSisto, 329 F.2d 929 (2d Cir. 1964), 498

Notes and Questions, 501

Federal Rules of Evidence 801(b), (c), & (d)(l): Definitions, 502

Arizona Rule of Evidence 801(d)(1), 502

Michigan Rule of Evidence 801(d)(1), 503

Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150 (1995), 503

Notes and Questions, 507

H. NON-HEARSAY STATEMENTS ADMISSIBLE FOR THEIR TRUTH, 509

1. Introduction, 509

Judson F. Falknor, The Hearsay Rule and Its Exceptions, 2 UCLA L. REV. 43, 43-45 (1954), 509

Jack B. Weinstein, The Probative Force of Hearsay, 46 IOWA L. REV. 331, 337-38 (1961), 511

2. Admissions, 512

a. Rationale, 512

James L. Hetland, Admissions in the Uniform Rules: Are They Necessary?, 46 IOWA L. REV. 307, 308-10 (1961) 512

Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2): Definitions, 513

Question, 513

State v. Johnson, 245 N.W.2d 687 (Wis. 1976), 514

Notes and Questions, 516

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Lizzie Borden, 517

Bill v. Farm Bureau Life Insurance Co., 119 N.W.2d 768 (Iowa 1965), 518

Questions, 520

b. Adoptive Admissions, 521

Edmund M. Morgan, Admissions, 12 WASH. L. REV. 182, 186-87 (1937), 521

Ollert v. Ziebell, 114 A 356 (N.J. 1921), 521

United States v. Flecha, 539 F.2d 874 (2d Cir. 1976), 523

United States v. Kilbourne, 559 F.2d 1263 (4th Cir. 1977), 524

Notes and Questions, 525

c. Vicarious Admissions, 527

Edmund M. Morgan, The Rationale of Vicarious Admissions, 42 HARV. L. REV. 462, 463-64 (1929), 527

Big Mack Trucking Company, Inc. v. Dickerson, 497 S.W.2d 283 (Tex. 1973), 528

Martin v. Savage Truck Line, Inc., 121 F. Supp. 417 (D.D.C. 1954), 530

Notes and Questions, 532

Mahlandt v. Wild Canid Survival and Research Center, Inc., 588 F.2d 626 (8th Cir. 1978), 533

d. Co-Conspirator Declarations, 537

Joseph H. Levie, Hearsay and Conspiracy: A Reexamination of the Co-Conspirators' Exception to the Hearsay Rule, 52 MICH. L. REV. 1159, 1161, 1163-64 (1954), 537

United States v. Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31 (D.C. Cir. 1976), 538

Notes and Questions, 541

Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171 (1987), 542

United States v. Clark, 18 F.3d 1337 (6th Cir. 1994), 544

Note, 549

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams, Jr., 549

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, 552

I. EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE AGAINST HEARSAY, 553

1. Exceptions Requiring Declarant Unavailability, 553

a. Introduction: The Concept of Unavailability, 553

Comment, Hearsay Under the Proposed Federal Rules: A Discretionary Approach, 15 WAYNE L. REV. 1077, 1101-05 (1969), 553

Federal Rule of Evidence 804(a): Hearsay Exceptions: Declarant Unavailable, 555

Notes and Questions, 555

b. Declarations Against Interest, 556

Bernard S. Jefferson, Declarations Against Interest: An Exception to the Hearsay Rule, 58 HARV. L. REV. 1, 1-2, 8, 39-40 (1944), 556

Questions, 557

Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(3): Hearsay Exceptions: Declarant Unavailable, 557

Wisconsin Statutes Annotated _ 908.045(4): Hearsay Exceptions: Declarant Unavailable, 558

United States v. MacDonald, 688 F.2d 224 (4th Cir. 1982), 558

Notes and Questions, 564

United States v. Lang, 589 F.2d 92 (2d Cir. 1978), 565

Notes and Questions, 570

Williamson v. United States, 512 U.S. 594 (1994), 570

Note, 573

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of John T. Scopes, 574

c. Former Testimony, 575

Note, Affidavits, Depositions, and Prior Testimony, 46 IOWA L. REV. 356, 356-57 (1961), 575

United States v. DiNapoli, 8 F.3d 909 (2d Cir. 1993), 576

United States v. Koon, 34 F.3d 1416 (9th Cir. 1994), 582

Notes and Questions, 587

d. Dying Declarations, 588

Charles W. Quick, Some Reflections on Dying Declarations, 6 HOW. L.J. 109, 109-12 (1960), 588

Shepard v. United States, 290 U.S. 96 (1933), 590

State v. Adamson, 665 P.2d 972 (Ariz. 1983), 592

Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(2): Hearsay Exceptions: Declarant Unavailable, 594

Florida Evidence Code _ 90.804(b), 595

Notes and Questions, 595

Federal Rule of Evidence 804: Hearsay Exceptions: Declarant Unavailable, 595

Federal Rule of Evidence 807: Residual Exception, 596

2. Exceptions Not Requiring Declarant Unavailability, 597

a. Business Records, 597

John E. Tracy, The Introduction of Documentary Evidence, 24 IOWA L. REV. 436, 454-56 (1939), 597

Johnson v. Lutz, 170 N.E. 517 (N.Y. 1930), 598

Kelly v. Wasserman, 158 N.E.2d 241 (N.Y. 1959), 601

Notes and Questions, 603

Federal Rules of Evidence 803(6) & (7): Hearsay Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial, 604

Proposed Federal Rules of Evidence 803(6): Hearsay Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial, 604

Federal Rule of Evidence 805: Hearsay Within Hearsay, 605

Notes and Questions, 605

Palmer v. Hoffman, 318 U.S. 109 (1943), 605

Melton v. St. Louis Public Service Co., 251 S.W.2d 663 (Mo. 1952), 608

Williams v. Alexander, 129 N.E.2d 417 (N.Y. 1955), 610

Notes and Questions, 614

United States v. Kim, 595 F.2d 755 (D.C. Cir. 1979), 615

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Alger Hiss, 621

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, 623

b. Public Records, 625

Comment, Hearsay Under the Proposed Federal Rules: A Discretionary Approach, 15 WAYNE L. REV. 1077, 1156-59 (1969), 625

Beech Aircraft Corporation v. Rainey, 488 U.S. 153 (1988), 627

Lewis v. Velez, 149 F.R.D. 474 (S.D.N.Y. 1993), 637

Federal Rules of Evidence 803(8), (9) & (10): Hearsay Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial, 644

c. Excited Utterances and Present Sense Impressions, 645

Edmund M. Morgan, BASIC PROBLEMS OF EVIDENCE 340-43 (1961), 645

Nager Electric Co. v. Charles Benjamin, Inc., 317 F. Supp. 645 (E.D. Pa. 1970), 646

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Mary Harris, 648

Houston Oxygen Co. v. Davis, 161 S.W.2d 474 (Tex. 1942), 648

United States v. Narcisco, 446 F. Supp. 252 (E.D. Mich. 1977), 650

Notes and Questions, 654

d. Declarations of Physical Condition, 655

Roy R. Ray, Restrictions on Doctor's Testimony in Personal Injury Cases, 14 SW. L.J. 133, 134-36 (1960) 655

Dewitt v. Johnson, 41 P.2d 476 (Okla. 1935), 656

Federal Rule of Evidence 803(3): Hearsay Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial, 658

Questions, 658

Meaney v. United States, 112 F.2d 538 (2d Cir. 1940), 658

United States v. Iron Shell, 633 F.2d 77 (8th Cir. 1980), 660

Notes and Questions, 663

e. Declarations of State of Mind, 664

M.C. Slough, Res Gestae, 2 U. KAN. L. REV. 121, 126-28 (1953), 664

Adoption of Harvey, 99 A.2d 276 (Pa. 1953), 665

Questions, 667

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Alger Hiss, 667

Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Rogers Imports, Inc., 216 F. Supp. 670 (S.D.N.Y. 1963), 668

Notes and Questions, 671

Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Hillmon, 145 U.S. 285 (1892), 671

John M. Maguire, The Hillmon Case--Thirty-Three Years After, 38 HARV. L. REV. 709 (1925), 673

Shepard v. United States, 290 U.S. 96 (1933), 676

Notes and Questions, 678

United States v. Annunziato, 293 F.2d 373 (2d Cir. 1961), 678

Question, 682

Federal Rule of Evidence 803(3): Hearsay Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial, 682

California Evidence Code __ 1251-52, 683

United States v. Layton, 549 F. Supp. 903 (N.D. Cal. 1982), aff'd in part, rev'd in part on other grounds, 720 F.2d 548 (9th Cir. 1983), 683

Questions, 688

3. The Residual Exception--Flexibility for the Future, 688

Jack B. Weinstein, The Probative Force of Hearsay, 46 IOWA L. REV. 331, 344-46 (1961), 688

Note, 689

Edmund M. Morgan, FOREWORD TO THE MODEL CODE OF EVIDENCE 38-47 (1942), 690

Questions, 694

Dallas County v. Commercial Union Assurance Co., 286 F.2d 388 (5th Cir. 1961), 695

Huff v. White Motor Corp., 609 F.2d 286 (7th Cir. 1979), 701

United States v. Bailey, 581 F.2d 341 (3d Cir. 1978), 706

Notes and Questions, 712

Wisconsin Statutes Annotated _ 908.045, 713

Ohio Rule of Evidence _ 804(B)(5), 713

David A. Sonenshein, The Residual Exceptions to the Federal Hearsay Rule: Two Exceptions in Search of a Rule, 57 N.Y.U. L. REV. 867, 885-88 (1982), 713

Federal Rule of Evidence 801: Definitions, 715

Federal Rule of Evidence 802: Hearsay Rule, 716

Federal Rule of Evidence 803: Hearsay Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial, 716

Federal Rule of Evidence 804: Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable, 719

Federal Rule of Evidence 805: Hearsay within Hearsay, 720

Federal Rule of Evidence 806: Attacking and Supporting Credibility of Declarant, 720

Question, 720

Federal Rule of Evidence 807: Residual Exception, 721

J. HEARSAY AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONFRONTATION RIGHTS, 722

Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 (1990), 722

Notes and Questions, 725

Lilly v. Virginia, 144 L. Ed. 2d 117 (1999), 727

United States v. Inadi, 475 U.S. 387 (1986), 736

Notes and Questions, 744

Cruz v. New York, 481 U.S. 186 (1987), 744

Notes and Questions, 749

CHAPTER VI: PRIVILEGES, 751

A. INTRODUCTION, 751

1. The Basis for Privileges, 751

John H. Wigmore, 8 EVIDENCE _ 2285 (3d ed. 1940), 751

2. The Federal Perspective, 752

James W. Moore & Helen I. Bendix, Congress, Evidence, and Rulemaking, 84 YALE L.J. 9, 19-21 (1974), 752

Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1 (1996), 754

Notes and Questions, 760

B. THE EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGES, 762

Archibald Cox, Executive Privilege, 122 U. PA. L. REV. 1383, 1384-87 (1974), 762

United States v. Reynolds, 345 U.S. 1 (1953), 763

United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974), 768

Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 509: Secrets of State and Other Official Information, 775

Notes and Questions, 776

Joseph R. Quinn, McCray v. Illinois: Probable Cause and the Informer Privilege, 45 DEN. L.J. 399, 402-03 (1968), 776

McCray v. Illinois, 386 U.S. 300 (1967), 777

Notes and Questions, 783

Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 510: Identity of Informer, 784

C. THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE, 786

Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr., An Historical Perspective on the Attorney-Client Privilege, 66 CAL. L. REV. 1061, 1061-64, 1068-70 (1978), 786

In re Bonanno, 344 F.2d 830 (2d Cir. 1965), 788

Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 503: Lawyer-Client Privilege, 791

Notes and Questions, 792

Upjohn v. United States, 449 U.S. 383 (1980), 794

Notes and Questions, 801

People v. Meredith, 631 P.2d 46 (Cal. 1981), 802

Swidler & Berlin v. United States, 524 U.S. 399 (1998), 809

Notes and Questions, 814

Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams, Jr., 815

D. THE PRIVILEGE FOR MARITAL COMMUNICATIONS, 820

Comment, The Husband-Wife Privilege of Testimonial Non-Disclosure, 56 NW. U. L. REV. 208, 216-19 (1961), 820

Trammel v. United States, 445 U.S. 40 (1980), 821

People v. Melski, 176 N.E.2d 81 (N.Y. 1961), 826

Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 505: Husband-Wife Privilege, 830

Notes and Questions, 831

E. THE PHYSICIAN-PATIENT PRIVILEGE, 832

United States ex. rel. Edney v. Smith, 425 F. Supp. 1038 (E.D.N.Y. 1976), 832

Notes and Questions, 838

F. THE PRIEST-PENITENT PRIVILEGE, 840

Donna Oneta Reese, Confidential Communications to the Clergy, 24 OHIO ST. L.J. 55, 60-61 (1963), 840

In re Verplank, 329 F. Supp. 433 (C.D. Cal. 1971), 841

Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 506: Communications to Clergymen, 843

Notes and Questions, 844

G. THE NEWSMAN'S PRIVILEGE, 845

United States v. Criden, 633 F.2d 348 (3d Cir. 1980), 845

Notes, 853

H. OTHER POTENTIAL PRIVILEGES, 854

People v. Fitzgerald, 101 Misc. 2d 712, 422 N.Y.S.2d 309 (1979), 854

Notes and Questions, 858

CHAPTER VII: BURDENS AND PRESUMPTIONS, 861

Fleming James, Burdens of Proof, 47 VA. L. REV. 51, 51-58 (1961), 861

6 Reports, Recommendations and Studies, A Study Relating to the Uniform Rules of Evidence--Burden of Producing Evidence, Burden of Proof, and Presumptions, California Law Revision Commission 1049, 1116-18 (1964), 865

Notes, 866

David W. Louisell, Construing Rule 301: Instructing the Jury on Presumptions in Civil Actions and Proceedings, 63 VA. L. REV. 281, 289-92 (1977), 867

6 Reports, Recommendations and Studies, A Study Relating to the Uniform Rules of Evidence--Burden of Producing Evidence, Burden of Proof, and Presumptions, California Law Revision Commission 1049, 1051-57 (1964), 868

Uniform Rule of Evidence 301(a) & (b) (1974): Presumptions in General in Civil Actions and Proceedings, 874

Model Code of Evidence, Rule 704(1) & (2) (1942): Effect of Presumptions 874

Federal Rule of Evidence 301: Presumptions in General in Civil Actions and Proceedings, 874

Federal Rule of Evidence 302: Applicability of State Law in Civil Actions and Proceedings, 875

Notes and Questions, 875

Estate of McGowan, 250 N.W.2d 234 (Neb. 1977), 875

Notes and Questions, 878

Ronald J. Allen, Structuring Jury Decisionmaking in Criminal Cases: A Unified Constitutional Approach to Evidentiary Devices, 94 HARV. L. REV. 321, 321-24 (1980), 878

Farrell v. Czarnetzky, 566 F.2d 381 (2d Cir. 1977), 880

Notes and Questions, 883

Ulster County Court v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140 (1979), 883

Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 303: Presumptions in Criminal Cases, 896

Notes and Questions, 897

CHAPTER VIII: CONCLUSION, 901

James B. Thayer, A Preliminary Treatise on Evidence at the Common Law 508-09, 529-31 (1898), 901

Jack B. Weinstein, Some Difficulties in Devising Rules for Determining Truth in Judicial Trials, 66 COLUM. L. REV. 223, 223, 226-29, 241-46 (1966), 903

Federal Rule of Evidence 102: Purpose and Construction, 908

David A. Sonenshein

Irving Younger