Preface, xxix
Preface to the First Edition, xxxi
Table of Cases, xxxv
Table of Authorities, liii
CHAPTER 1 ANTITRUST LAW IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, 1
A. Congressional Action, 2
B. Economic Philosophies and Ideologies, 7
C. Enforcement, 14
1. 1890 - 1902, 14
2. 1903 - 1915, 17
3. 1916 - 1935, 18
4. 1936 - 1973, 19
5. 1974 - Date 25
CHAPTER 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PER
SE RULE CONDEMNING PRICE-FIXING AGREEMENTS, 41
A. Introduction, 41
1. The Per Se Rule, 41
2. The Rule of Reason, 41
3. The Rule of Reason in the Supreme Court, 43
4. The Relation of the Per Se Rule to the Rule of
Reason, 44
B. Price-Fixing Agreements, 46
1. Per Se Rules, 46
United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 310 U.S.
150 (1940), 46
Commentary, 50
2. The Philosophy of the Per Se Approach, 57
Note: The Caselaw Background to Socony Vacuum, 58
3. Information and a Public Market, 64
Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System,
Inc., 441 U.S. 1 (1979), 65
Commentary, 69
National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Board of
Regents of the University of Oklahoma, 468 U.S. 85 (1984), 71
Commentary, 76
California Dental Association v. Federal Trade Commission, 526
U.S. 756 (1999), 77
Commentary, 87
4. Maximum Price-Fixing Agreements as
Per Se Illegal, 91
Arizona v Maricopa County Medical Society, 457 U.S. 332 (1982),
91
Commentary, 97
C. Agreements Among Buyers, 98
D. Other Per Se Practices Under Section One, 95
CHAPTER 3 MARKET DIVISIONS, 105
Commentary, 106
Palmer v. BRG of Georgia, Inc., 498 U.S. 46
(1990), 107
Commentary, 109
Rothery Storage & Van Co. v. Atlas Van Lines, Inc.,
762 F.2d 210 (D.C. Cir. 1986), 109
Commentary, 115
CHAPTER 4 BOYCOTTS AND AGREEMENTS NOT TO DEAL, 117
A. Introduction, 117
NYNEX Corp. v. Discon, Inc., 525 U.S. 128 (1998), 119
Commentary, 123
Northwest Wholesale Stationers, Inc. v. Pacific
Stationery & Printing Co., 472 U.S. 284 (1985), 125
Commentary, 128
Federal Trade Commission v. Indiana Federation of
Dentists, 476 U.S. 447 (1986), 130
Commentary, 134
Federal Trade Commission v. Superior Court Trial
Lawyers Association, 493 U.S. 411 (1990), 136
Commentary, 143
Alvord-Polk, Inc. v. F. Schumacher & Co., 37
F.3d 996 (3d Cir. 1994), 144
Commentary, 147
B. Insurance and the McCarran Ferguson Act, 148
Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California, 509
U.S. 764 (1993), 149
Commentary, 153
CHAPTER 5 VERTICAL RESTRAINTS: THE BASIC FOCUS, 155
A. Introduction, 155
B. Vertical Price Fixing, 157
Dr. Miles Medical Company v. John D. Park & Sons,
Co., 220 U.S. 373 (1911), 157
Commentary, 159
United States v. Colgate & Co., 250 U.S. 300
(1919), 167
Commentary, 168
United States v. Parke, Davis & Co., 362 U.S.
29 (1960), 169
Commentary, 171
Toys "R" Us, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission, 221
F.3d 928 (7th Cir. 200), 173
Commentary, 183
State Oil Co. v. Khan, 522 U.S. 3 (1997), 183
Commentary, 188
C. The Rise and Fall of Fair Trade: Legislative Resale
Price-Fixing, 193
D. The Consignment Device as a Method For Controlling
Price to Consumers, 195
Simpson v. Union Oil Co. of California, 377 U.S.
13 (1964), 195
Commentary, 197
E. Nonprice Vertical Restrictions, 199
Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 433
U.S. 36 (1977), 202
Commentary, 205
Monsanto Company v. Spray-Rite Service Corp., 465
U.S. 752 (1984), 218
Commentary, 222
Alvord-Polk, Inc. v. F. Schumacher & Co., 37
F.3d 996 (3d Cir. 1994), 225
Commentary, 225
Business Electronics Corp. v. Sharp Electronics Corp.,
485 U.S. 717 (1988) 226
Commentary, 232
CHAPTER 6 TYING ARRANGEMENTS, 235
A. Tying as a Troublesome Antitrust Issue, 235
B. Introduction and Historical Development, 235
C. The Economics of Tying Arrangements, 237
1. In General, 237
2. The IBM Case: Machines Plus Tabulating Cards, 240
Commentary, 222
D. The Modern Case Law, 249
1. Jefferson Parrish to Eastman Kodak, 249
Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde,
466 U.S. 2 (1984), 249
Commentary, 254
Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services,
504 U.S. 451 (1992) 256
Commentary, 261
PSI Repair Services, Inc. v. Honeywell, Inc., 104
F.3d 811 (6th Cir. 1997), 264
Commentary, 267
2. The Aftermarket Issue and Intellectual Property Rights, 268
3. A Fragment of Computer Technology, 269
E. The Microsoft Antitrust Litigation, 270
United States v. Microsoft Corporation, 147 F.3d 935 (D.C. Cir.
1998), 271
Commentary, 279
United States v. Microsoft Corporation, 87 F. Supp. 2d 30 ( D.D.C.
2000), 280
Commentary, 286
United States v. Microsoft Corporation, 253 F.3d 34 (D.C. Cir.
2001), 287
Commentary, 290
CHAPTER 7 OTHER VERTICAL RESTRAINTS, 291
A. Introduction, 291
B. Exclusive Supply Contracts, 291
Standard Oil Co. of California v. United States (Standard
Stations), 337 U.S. 293 (1949), 293
Commentary, 296
C. New Insight Into Exclusive Supply Relationships
From the Japanese Experience, 304
1. The Japanese "Keiretsu", 304
Excerpt from Learning From Japan, Business Week
(Jan. 27, 1992), 305
2. Antitrust Law and Organizational Efficiency, 306
3. The Keiretsu, Transplants and Vertical Relationships: A
Current Antitrust Problem?, 306
D. The (Now-Repealed) Vertical Guidelines of the U.S.
Department of Justice, 307
E. Exclusive Dealing Contracts, 309
1. In General, 309
2. Other Aspects of Vertical Integration, 311
3. Post-Chicago Antitrust Analysis, 312
CHAPTER 8 CONSPIRACY, COOPERATION, AND INTEGRATION, 315
A. Conspiracy, 315
1. The Contemporary Scene, 315
Blomkest Fertilizer, Inc. v Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan, Inc.,
203 F.3d. 1028 (8th Cir. 2000), 315
Commentary, 225
2. The Formation of Antitrust Conspiracy Theory in the Supreme Court, 327
Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States, 306 U.S. 208 (1939),
327
Commentary, 329
American Tobacco Co. v. United States, 328 U.S. 781 (1946), 334
Commentary, 336
2. Basing-Point Pricing, 340
Federal Trade Commission v. Cement Institute, 333 U.S. 683
(1948), 340
Commentary, 343
3. Intracorporate Conspiracy, 347
Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp., 467
U.S. 752 (1984), 347
Commentary, 351
4. Combinations and Vertical Conspiracies, 352
5. Integration as Negating Conspiracy; and Related Matters, 352
6. Hub-and-Spoke Conspiracy, 354
Impro Products, Inc. v. Herrick, 715 F2d. 1267
(8th Cir. 1983), 354
Commentary, 357
B. Cooperation, 357
1. Information Gathering, 357
American Column & Lumber Co. v. United States,
257 U.S. 377 (1921), 357
Commentary, 360
Maple Flooring Manufacturers Ass'n v. United States,
268 U.S. 563 (1925), 362
Commentary, 364
Sugar Institute, Inc. v. United States, 297 U.S.
553 (1936), 366
Commentary, 369
United States v. Container Corporation of America,
393 U.S. 333 (1969), 370
Commentary, 371
2. Cartels, 373
a. An Economic Analysis of Cartel Operations, 373
i. Background, 373
ii. A. Simple Output-Restriction Cartel in an Industry of Many Sellers,
374
b. Beyond the Obvious Restrictions: The
Theoretically-Optimum Goals of a Comprehensive Cartel, 316
i. A "Pooling" Cartel, 375
ii. Economies in Centralizing Production Decisions:
"Rationalization" of Cartel Production, 375
iii. Long Run Cartel Policy and Problems of Plant Placement, 376
c. The Mechanisms of Cartel Operations, 376
i. In General, 376
ii. An Executive Committee, 377
iii. A Self-Adjusting Formula, 377
iv. A Central Interpreter, 378
v. Sales Information About the Identity of Particular Sellers
and Buyers, 378
vi. Base Prices, 379
A Note on the Robinson-Patman Act and the Exchange of Price
Information, 380
United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 438
U.S. 422 (1978), 384
Commentary, 386
Alvord-Polk, Inc. v. F. Schumacher & Co.,
37 F.3d 996 (3d Cir. 1994), 387
Commentary, 389
CHAPTER 9 MONOPOLIZATION, 391
A. Introduction, 391
United States v. E.I. du Point De Nemours Co.,
351 U.S. 377 (1956), 395
United States v. Syufy Enterprises, 903 F.2d 659
(9th Cir. 1990), 397
Commentary, 403
B. Monopolistic Behavior: The Classic Statements, 405
United States v. Aluminum Co. of America, 148
F.2d 416 (2nd Cir. 1945), 405
Commentary, 407
Note: The Significance of Market Shares in the Caselaw, 410
Note: Concentration, Monopoly Power, and Their
Measurement, 415
United States v. Griffith, 334 U.S. 100 (1948), 420
Commentary, 422
United States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563
(1966), 423
Commentary, 425
C. Berkey Photo:
Alcoa Revisited and
Monopoly Leveraging, 425
Berkey Photo, Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 603 F.2d
263 (2nd Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1093
(1980), 425
Commentary, 430
Monopoly Leveraging in the Ninth Circuit: The Alaska
Airlines Case, 433
Commentary, 436
D. New Directions in Monopolization: The
"Business Justification" Requirement and Other Matters, 436
1. In General, 436
Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp.,
472 U.S. 585 (1985), 436
Commentary, 443
Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, Inc.,
504 U.S. 451 (1992), 447
A Note on Business Justification, 449
2. Tying as Monopolization, 451
United States v. Microsoft Corporation, 87 F. Supp.2d 30 (D.D.C. 2000)
453
Commentary, 457
United States v. Microsoft Corporation, 253 F.3d 34 (D.C. Cir. 2001),
459
Commentary, 470
3. The Essential Facilities Doctrine, 472
City of Anaheim v. Southern California Edison Co.,
955 F.2d 1373 (9th Cir. 1992), 474
4. Epilogue, 477
Commentary, 479
CHAPTER 10 ATTEMPT TO MONOPOLIZE, 481
A. The Origins and Contours of the Attempt Offense: An
Historical Note, 481
1. Swift & Co. v. United States, 196 U.S. 375
(1905), 482
2. Lorain Journal Co. v. United States, 342 U.S. 143
(1951), 482
3. Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States, 410 U.S.
366 (1973), 484
B. A Modern Application of the Attempt Clause, 485
United States v. American Airlines, Inc., 743
F.2d 1114 (5th Cir. 1984), 485
Commentary, 490
C. Specific Intent as an Element of the Offense, 490
D. The Relation of an "Intent" Requirement
to the Monopolization and Attempt Clauses, 491
United States v. Griffith, 334 U.S. 100 (1948), 492
E. The Relation Between Sections 1 and 2 of the
Sherman Act, 492
F. The Struggles of the Ninth Circuit With the Attempt
Clause, 493
1. The Ill-Fated Approach of Lessig v. Tidewater Oil Co., 493
2. The Ninth Circuit's "Gap" Approach, 495
G. Proof of Subjective Intent, 497
H. Use of a Double Inference to Prove an Attempt to
Monopolize Case, 498
I. The Current Status of the Double-Inference Test, 499
Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan, 506 U.S. 447
(1993), 500
Commentary, 505
J. Attempted Monopolization, Monopolization, and
Oligopoly, 506
1. Indiana Grocery, Inc. v. Super Valu Stores, Inc.,
864 F.2d 1147 (7th Cir. 1989), 506
2. Rebel Oil Co. v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 51 F.3d
1421 (9th Cir. 1995), 506
Commentary, 507
CHAPTER 11 PREDATORY PRICING, 509
A. Predatory Pricing in General: An Historical Note, 509
B. Sherman Act Claims of Predatory Pricing, 516
United States v. AMR Corporation, 140 F.Supp. 2d 1141 (D.Kan.
2001),
436
Commentary, 520
William Inglis & Sons Baking Co. v. ITT Continental Baking Co.,
668 F.2d 1014 (9th Cir. 1981), 520
Commentary, 523
C. Predatory Pricing as Monopolization, 529
Northeastern Telephone Co. v. American Telephone and
Telegraph Co., 651 F.2d 76 (2d Cir. 1981), 529
Commentary, 523
D. The U.S. Supreme Court on Predatory Pricing, 532
Brook Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco
Corp., 509 U.S. 209 (1993) 532
Commentary, 536
E. Predatory Behavior Other than Predatory Pricing, 541
Commentary, 543
CHAPTER 12 MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS, 461
A. Introduction, 545
B. The Rationale For Merging, 551
C. Statutory History, 553
1. In General, 553
2. After 1950, 557
a. The Prelude: DuPont-General Motors, 558
b. Brown Shoe Co. v. United States, 370 U.S. 294
(1962), 559
c. United States v. Philadelphia National Bank,
374 U.S. 321 (1963), 561
Commentary, 561
3. After 1980: The Guidelines, 565
Commentary, 566
D. Potential Competition and Conglomerate Mergers and
Acquisitions, 573
1. The Judicial Origins of the Potential Competition Doctrine, 573
2. Conglomerate Mergers, 574
a. Acquisitions raising the issue of reciprocity, 575
b. Market-Extension acquisitions, 576
A Note on "Limit Pricing" and "Entry
Barriers", 578
3. Predicting Potential Competition and Market-Extension, 580
United States v. Marine Bancorporation, Inc., 418
U.S. 602 (1974), 580
Commentary, 586
4. The Failing Company Defense and Related Matters, 588
Citizen Publishing Company v. United States, 394
U.S. 131 (1969), 588
Commentary, 590
United States v. General Dynamics Corporation,
415 U.S. 486 (1974), 593
Commentary, 598
Federal Trade Commission v. University Health, Inc.,
938 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir. 1991), 601
E. Non-Horizontal Mergers, 604
F. Current Merger Law, 605
G. Consent Decrees and Judicial Review, 606
Federal Trade Commission v. Staples, Inc., 970 F.
Supp. 1066 (D.D.C. 1997), 613
Commentary, 627
CHAPTER 13 PRICE DISCRIMINATION AND THE
ROBINSON-PATMAN ACT, 633
A. The Price Discrimination Provisions of the Original
(1914) Clayton Act and Its (1936) Robinson-Patman Amendments, 633
1. The Legislation of 1914, 633
2. The Robinson-Patman Act of 1936, 635
B. Discrimination Whose Effects are on the Primary
Line, 637
Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco
Corp., 113 S. Ct. 2578 (1993), 637
Commentary, 637
Note: The Utah Pie Case, 638
Note: the Subsequent History of Utah Pie, 640
C. Discrimination Whose Effects are on the Secondary
Lines and Below, 641
1. The Morton Salt Presumption, 641
Federal Trade Commission v. Morton Salt Co., 334
U.S. 37 (1948), 641
Note: The Morton Salt Presumption, 641
Caveatsto and Limits Uponthe Morton Salt Presumption,
644
2. The Cost Justification Defense, 651
Allied Accessories & Auto Parts Co. v. General
Motors Corp., 825 F.2d 971 (6th Cir. 1987), 651
Uniroyal, Inc. v. Hoff and Thames, Inc., 511 F.
Supp. 1060 (S.D. Miss. 1981), 654
Commentary, 657
3. The Meeting Competition Defense, 657
Falls City Industries, Inc. v. Vanco Beverage, Inc.,
460 U.S. 428 (1983) 657
Note on the "Meeting Competition" Defense, 662
4. Functional Discounts, 664
Texaco, Inc. v. Hasbrouck, 496 U.S. 543 (1990), 664
Commentary, 669
D. Price Discrimination Involving Brands or Labels, 670
Borden Co. v. Federal Trade Commission, 381 F.2d
175 (5th Cir. 1967), 670
Commentary, 672
E. Clauses (c) Through (f) of The Robinson-Patman Act:
Brokerage; Promotional Allowances; Services or Facilities; And
Inducing Discrimination, 674
1. Clause (c): The Brokerage Allowance, 674
Federal Trade Commission v. Henry Broch & Co.,
363 U.S. 166 (1960), 675
Commentary, 678
2. The Brokerage Clause as Applied to Commercial Bribery, 678
Stephen Jay Photography, Ltd. v. Olan Mills, Inc.,
903 F.2d 988 (4th Cir. 1989), 678
Commentary, 681
3. Clauses (d) and (e), 682
Eastern Auto Distributors, Inc. v. Peugeot Motors of
America, Inc., 795 F.2d 329 (4th Cir. 1986), 682
Commentary, 684
Federal Trade Commission v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 390
U.S. 341 (1968), 684
Commentary, 686
Federal Trade Commission v. Simplicity Pattern Co.,
360 U.S. 55 (1959), 687
Commentary, 689
4. Clause (f): Inducing Discrimination, 690
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Federal Trade
Commission, 440 U.S. 69 (1979), 690
Commentary, 693
F. Complex Distribution, 694
Federal Trade Commission v. Sun Oil Co., 371 U.S.
505 (1963), 695
Commentary, 697
Caribe BMW, Inc. v. Bayerische Motoren Werke
Aktiengesellschaft, 19 F.3d 745 (1st Cir. 1994), 698
Commentary, 702
Conoco Inc. v. Inman Oil Co., 774 F.2d 895 (8th
Cir. 1985), 703
Commentary, 707
Klein v. The Lionel Corp., 237 F.2d 13 (3d Cir.
1956), 707
Commentary, 708
Perkins v. Standard Oil Co. of California, 395
U.S. 642 (1969), 709
Commentary, 711
Epilogue, 713
CHAPTER 14 THE TRADE/ANTITRUST INTERFACE, 715
A. The Relation Between the Antitrust and Antidumping
Laws, 715
1. An Overview, 715
2. History, 715
3. The Subsidy Model of Dumping, 717
4. The 1921 Antidumping Act, 718
5. Reinterpreting the 1921 Antidumping Act and Successor
Legislation, 719
USX Corporation v. United States, 682 F. Supp.
60, 719
Commentary, 722
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio
Corporation, 724
Commentary, 728
B. The Geographical Scope of U.S. Antitrust Laws, 729
1. Introduction, 729
2. Legislation and Policy Statements, 731
a. The Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act of 1982, 731
b. Excerpt from Department of Justice, Antitrust
Guidelines for International Operations (June 8, 1988), 731
c. Department of Justice Policy Regarding Anticompetitive
Conduct that Restricts U.S. Exports (April 9, 1992), 732
d. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission,
Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations
(April 5, 1995), 732
Commentary, 733
3. Comity, 733
Laker Airways Ltd. v. Sabena, Belgian World Airlines, 733
Commentary, 738
Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California, 738
Commentary, 749
Excerpt from Department of Justice and Federal Trade
Commission, Antitrust Guidelines for International Operations
(April 5, 1995), 752
4. The Act of State and Related Doctrines, 753
O.N.E. Shipping Ltd. v. Flota Merchante
Grancolombiana, S.A., 830 F.2d 449 (2d Cir. 1987), 753
Commentary, 756
Excerpt from Department of Justice and Federal Trade
Commission, Antitrust Guidelines for International Operations
(April 5, 1995), 757
Commentary, 757
C. The Use of United States Antitrust Law to Open
Foreign Markets to American Exporters, 758
1. Trade and Foreign Cartels, 758
2. Proposals for International Competition Codes, 759
3. U.S. Antitrust Policy on Foreign Cartels, 760
Note: The Pilkington Consent Order, 760
CHAPTER 15 THE INTERFACE OF ANTITRUST LAW AND THE
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REGIMES, 763
A. Introduction, 763
B. Royalties: The Base and Other Limitations, 767
C. Price Fixing and Licenses, 770
United States v. General Electric Co., 272 U.S.
476 (1926), 770
Commentary, 773
A Further Limitation of General Electric, 777
Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) v. United States, 283
U.S. 163 (1931), 781
Commentary, 783
Note: Walker Process and Related Doctrines, 784
D. Patents and Tying Arrangements; From Mercoid
to Dawson and
the Provisions of the Patent Act, 787
Note: Some History, 787
In re Independent Service Organizations Antitrust Litigation, 203
F.3d 1322 (Fed.Cir. 2000) 794
Commentary, 799
Alcatel USA, Inc. v. DGI Technologies, Inc., 166 F.3d 772 (5th
Cir. 1999), 802
E. Patent Misuse, Contributory Infringement, and Antitrust Standards,
808
Dawson Chemical Company v. Rohm and Haas Co., 448
U.S. 176 (1980), 808
Commentary, 813
A.I. Root Company v. Computer/Dynamics, Inc., 806
F.2d 673 (6th Cir. 1986), 817
Commentary, 819
F. Antitrust or Intellectual Property Criteria? 823
Mallinckrodt, Inc. v. Medipart, Inc., 976 F.2d
700 (Fed. Cir. 1992), 823
Commentary, 827
Lasercomb America, Inc. v. Reynolds, 911 F.2d 970
(4th Cir. 1990), 828
Commentary, 834
Alcatel USA, Inc. v. DGI Technologies, Inc., 166 F.3d 772 (5th
Cir. 1999), 802
Commentary, 836
G. Enforcement Policy and Intellectual Property, 837
Commentary, 840
CHAPTER 16 COMPETITION, LABOR POLICY AND ANTITRUST
LAW, 845
A. Historical Note, 845
Allen Bradley Co. v. Local Union No. 3, International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 325 U.S. 797 (1945), 847
Commentary, 849
United Mine Workers of America v. Pennington, 381
U.S. 657 (1965), 851
Local Union No. 189, Amalgamated Meat Cutters, and
Butcher Workmen of North America, AFL-CIO v. Jewel Tea Co.,
Inc., 381 U.S. 676 (1965), 853
Commentary, 857
Connell Construction Co., Inc. v. Plumbers &
Steamfitters Local Union No. 100, 421 U.S. 616 (1975), 859
Commentary, 861
H.A. Artists & Associates, Inc. v. Actors' Equity
Association, 451 U.S. 704 (1981), 863
Commentary, 866
Note: Cases Relied Upon in H.A. Artists &
Associates, Inc. v. Actors' Equity Association, 866
Brown v. Pro Football, Inc., 116 S.Ct. 2116
(1996), 868
Commentary, 879
Note: Labor and Antitrust Policies: Inadequate Resolution
of Policy Conflicts, 881
Commentary, 883
CHAPTER 17 STANDING, 885
A. The Statute, 885
Note: The Evolution of the Law Governing Antitrust
Standing, 886
B. In General, 887
Blue Shield of Virginia v. McCready, 457 U.S. 465
(1982), 887
Commentary, 889
C. Business and Property, 890
Reiter v. Sonotone Corp., 442 U.S. 330 (1979), 890
Commentary, 890
D. The Concept of "Antitrust Injury", 891
Brunswick Corp. v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat, Inc., 429
U.S. 477 (1977), 891
Commentary, 892
Cargill, Inc. v. Monfort of Colorado, Inc., 479
U.S. 104 (1986), 893
Commentary, 897
E. Antitrust Standing in Hostile Takeovers,
794
Consolidated Gold Fields PLC v. Minorco, S.A.,
871 F.2d 252 (2d Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 492 U.S.
939 (1989), 898
Commentary, 902
F. Standing of a Competitor to Complain of Maximum
Price Fixing Agreements, 903
Atlantic Richfield Co. v. USA Petroleum Co., 495
U.S. 329 (1990), 903
Commentary, 906
G. The "Pass On" Issue: Offensive and
Defensive Pass On, 907
Hanover Shoe, Inc. v. United Shoe Machinery Corp.,
392 U.S. 481 (1968), 907
Commentary, 908
Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois, 431 U.S. 720
(1977), 909
Commentary, 909
A Note on Illinois Brick, 910
Associated General Contractors of California, Inc. v.
California State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519
(1982), 913
Commentary, 915
H. Employee Standing to Complain of Antitrust
Violation by Employer, 916
Ashmore v. Northeast Petroleum Division of Cargill,
Inc., 843 F. Supp. 759 (D. Me. 1994), 916
Commentary, 920
I. Parens Patriae Standing, 920
Kansas and Missouri v. Utilicorp United, Inc.,
497 U.S. 199 (1990), 920
Commentary, 921
J. Standing to Assert a Claim Under the
Robinson-Patman Act, 922
Enterprise Industries, Inc. v. Texas Co., 240
F.2d 457 (2d Cir. 1956), 922
J. Truett Payne Company, Inc. v. Chrysler Motors Corp.,
451 U.S. 557 (1981), 923
Commentary, 924
Alan's of Atlanta, Inc. v. Minolta Corp., 903
F.2d 1414 (11th Cir. 1990), 925
Commentary, 927
CHAPTER 18 THE STATE ACTION-EXEMPTION; THE NOERR-PENNINGTON
DOCTRINE AND RELATED MATTERS, 929
A. An Introductory Note, 929
B. The State-Action Exemption, 934
Federal Trade Commission v. Ticor Title Insurance Co.,
504 U.S. 621 (1992), 934
Note on the State Action Exemption, 940
California Retail Liquor Dealers Association v. Midcal
Aluminum, Inc., 445 U.S. 97 (1980), 942
Commentary, 943
Fisher v. City of Berkeley, California, 475 U.S.
260 (1986), 944
Commentary, 946
C. The Midcal Conditions:
From Boulder Through Hallie
to the Present, 948
1. The First Midcal Condition: Clear Articulation, 949
Town of Hallie v. City of Eau Claire, 471 U.S. 34
(1985), 950
Commentary, 953
2. The Second Midcal Condition: State Supervision, 958
a. Hallie on State Supervision, 958
b. State Supervision Updated: The post-Hallie
Cases, 959
3. The Local Government Antitrust Act of 1984: Congress
Responds to the Boulder Decision, 960
Commentary, 961
Note: The Free-Market Policies Underlying the Dormant
Commerce Clause; How the Dormant Commerce Clause Relates to
the Sherman Act, 962
Note: State Immunity From Suit Under the Antitrust Laws
After Seminole TribeA New Barrier to Antitrust
Relief, 963
D. The Noerr-Pennington
Doctrine, The Now-Rejected "Conspiracy Exception to the
State-Action Doctrine, and Related Matters, 964
Columbia v. Omni Outdoor Advertising, Inc., 499
U.S. 365 (1991), 964
Note: The Noerr-Pennington Doctrine, 968
Commentary, 972
CHAPTER 19 ANTITRUST AND THE HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY, 975
A. The Historical Background, 975
B. The Focus of Antitrust Law, 977
C. The Insurance Exemption, 978
D. The Factors of Cost and of Cost Containment, 980
Note: Pricing Health Care Services, 984
E. Professional Standards as Conditions of Entry and
Revocations of Privileges, 988
Patrick v. Burget, 486 U.S. 94 (1988), 988
Commentary, 993
Summitt Health, Ltd. v. Pinhas, 500 U.S. 322
(1991), 998
Commentary, 1005
F. New Entities: Their Management and Competitive
Practices, 1006
Blue Cross & Blue Shield United of Wisconsin v.
The Marshfield Clinic, 883 F. Supp. 1247 (W.D. Wis.
1995); affirmed in part, reversed and remanded, 63
F.3d 1417 (7th Cir. 1995); cert. denied, 64 USLW
26286 (1996), 1006
Commentary, 1012
Blue Cross and Blue Shield United of Wisconsin v.
Marshfield Clinic, 65 F. 3d 1406 (7th Cir. 1995), cert.
denied, 64 USLW 26286 (1996), 1012
Commentary, 1019
G. Hospital Mergers and Joint Ventures, 1019
United States of America v. Rockford Memorial Corp.,
898 F.2d 1278 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 920
(1990), 1020
Commentary, 1023
United States v. Mercy Health Services, 902 F.
Supp. 968 (N.D. Iowa 1995), 1030
Commentary, 1047
H. Third-Party Payer Contracts, 1048
1. Most Favored Nation Clauses, 942
United States v. Delta Dental, 943 F. Supp. 172
(D.R.I. 1996), 1048
Background Cases on Agreed Payment Arrangements or
"MFN" Clauses, 1050
Commentary, 1051
2. Clauses Limiting Co-payment Insurance, 1052
SmileCare Dental Group v. Delta Dental Plan of
California, Inc., 88 F.3d 780 (9th Cir. 1996), 1053
Commentary, 1056
APPENDIX, 1059
Appendix A, 1059
Sherman Act, 1061
Clayton Act, 1063
Federal Trade Commission Act, 1079
Antitrust Civil Process Act, 1081
Local Government Antitrust Act, 1083
The Patent Act, 1085
Appendix B, 1087
Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission
Revised Policy Statements of Antitrust Enforcement Policy in
Health Care (1996), 1089
Appendix C, 1103
United States Department of Justice and Federal Trade
Commission Horizontal Merger Guidelines (1992), as
Revised (1997), 1105
Appendix D, 1133
United States Department of Justice Intellectual
Property Guidelines 1029
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