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Understanding Juvenile Law, Third Edition (2009)

Understanding Juvenile Law, Third Edition (2009)

Martin R. Gardner, Steinhart Foundation Professor of Law, University of Nebraska College of Law


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    This Understanding treatise discusses the various bodies of law in relation to a fundamental issue permeating the entire field of juvenile law: the extent to which the law should protect young people rather than recognize them as autonomous persons. While the law traditionally adopted a protectionist posture, recent legal developments appear to recognize autonomy rights of adolescents in certain contexts. These developments are praised by some commentators who advocate wholesale rejection of the paternalistic model in favor of a system that treats adolescents as full-fledged persons under the law. This book does not advocate any particular resolution of the current debate about the nature of the rights of young people; rather, it suggests that sensitivity to the issues and arguments entailed in that debate is essential to any true understanding of the present state of juvenile law.

    With these concerns in mind, Understanding Juvenile Law begins with a general discussion of the nature of the rights of juveniles and the perception that young people constitute a unique class under the law. This theoretical introduction will serve as a background for subsequent discussion of juvenile law doctrine. The discussion separates aspects of juvenile law arising outside the juvenile justice system (defined in this text as the system of separate courts organized to deal with "delinquents" and "status offenders") from those arising within that system. This division is created as a useful means of organizing the doctrinal material, given the extensive body of rules that govern the juvenile justice system. Moreover, this organization permits the juvenile justice section to stand by itself as an independent text for students in courses that cover only that aspect of juvenile law.

    Professors and adjunct professors may request complimentary examination copies of LexisNexis law school publications to consider for class adoption or recommendation. Please identify the book(s) you wish to receive, provide your institutional contact information, and submit your request here.

    Part One: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

    Chapter 1 MINORITY AS A LEGAL STATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
    § 1.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
    § 1.02 DISTINGUISHING MINORS FROM ADULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

    Chapter 2: THE RIGHTS OF JUVENILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
    § 2.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
    § 2.03 THE PERSONHOOD THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
    § 2.04 ACCOMMODATION OF PROTECTIONIST AND PERSONHOOD

    Part Two: OUTSIDE THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM . . . . . . . 15

    Chapter 3: THE CHILD AND THE FAMILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
    § 3.01 GENERAL BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
    § 3.03 PARENTAL NEGLECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
    § 3.04 ADOPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
    § 3.05 INHERITANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
    § 3.06 CHILD CUSTODY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

    Chapter 4: CHILD ABUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
    § 4.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
    § 4.02 CHILD ABUSE LEGISLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
    § 4.03 THE JUDICIAL PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
    § 4.04 CRIMINAL OR CIVIL ALTERNATIVES? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

    Chapter 5: PRIVATE LAW ISSUES OUTSIDE THE FAMILY . . . . . 85
    § 5.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
    § 5.02 LITIGATION ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
    § 5.03 CONTRACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
    § 5.04 TORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
    § 5.05 PROPERTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
    § 5.06 MAKING A WILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
    § 5.07 EMPLOYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

    Chapter 6: CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
    § 6.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
    § 6.02 THE EARLY CASES: MEYER AND PIERCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
    § 6.03 THE FIRST AMENDMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
    § 6.04 THE FOURTH AMENDMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
    § 6.05 THE EIGHTH AMENDMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
    [A] In School: Corporal Punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
    [B] Outside School: Capital Punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
    § 6.06 THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
    § 6.07 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

    Part Three: THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

    Chapter 7: THE JUVENILE COURT MOVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
    § 7.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
    § 7.02 THE EMERGENCE OF JUVENILE COURTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
    § 7.03 SUPREME COURT OVERSIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

    Chapter 8: JURISDICTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
    § 8.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
    § 8.02 AGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
    § 8.03 DELINQUENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
    § 8.04 STATUS OFFENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

    Chapter 9: THE PRE-ADJUDICATION PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
    § 9.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
    § 9.02 POLICE INVESTIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
    § 9.03 INTAKE AND DIVERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
    § 9.05 JUDICIAL WAIVER OF JURISDICTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

    Chapter 10: ADJUDICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
    § 10.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
    § 10.02 DELINQUENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
    § 10.03 STATUS OFFENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

    Chapter 11: DISPOSITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
    § 11.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
    § 11.02 HEARING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
    § 11.04 STATUS OFFENDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
    § 11.05 APPEALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

    Chapter 12: THE FUTURE OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
    § 12.01 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
    § 12.02 DELINQUENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
    § 12.03 STATUS OFFENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

    TABLE OF CASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TC-1

    INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

     

     

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