Dedication xi
Preface xxv
Foreword xxvii
Table of Cases xxix
Table of Statutes and Rules li
CHAPTER 1: History and Philosophy of the Juvenile Justice System 1
A. Children in Criminal Court 1
1. England 1
2. United States 2
B. The Reform Movement 4
1. England 4
2. United States 5
Ex Parte Crouse (Pa.1839) 6
People ex rel. O'Connell v. Turner (Ill. 1870) 8
C. Rise of the Juvenile Court 11
1. Doctrine of Parens Patriae 11
2. Philosophy of a Separate Juvenile Court 13
3. The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 15
Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899
CHAPTER 2: Juvenile Delinquency: The Child as Respondent 23
A. Jurisdiction 24
California Welfare and Institutions Code '' 601-602 (West Supp. 2001) 24
B. Substantive Requirements 24
1. Status Offenses 24
a. Sample Status Offense Statute 24
Georgia Code Annotated '' 15-11-2(11) & 2(12) (Lexis Supp. 2000) 24
b. Runaway 25
In re Darlene C. (S.C. 1983) 25
c. Incorrigibility 28
In re Welfare of Snyder (Wash.1975) 28
d. Curfew 31
Qutb v. Strauss (5th Cir. 1993) 31
e. Truancy 37
In re E.B. (N.D. 1980) 37
2. Crime Delinquency 42
a. Sample Delinquency Statute 42
New Jersey Statutes Annotated ' 2A:4A-23 (West Supp. 2001) 42
b. Civil Label 42
K.M.S. v. State (Ga. Ct. App. 1973) 42
c. Defenses 45
(1) Infancy 45
In re Robert M. (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1981) 45
(2) Insanity 49
Commonwealth v. Chatman (Va. 2000) 49
3. Street Gangs 53
a. Sample Street Gang Statute 53
Texas Penal Code Annotated ' 71.02 (West Supp. 2001) 53
b. Cases 53
In re Alberto R. (Cal. Ct. App. 1991) 53
People ex rel. Gallo v. Acuna (Cal. Ct. App. 1977) 58
4. Excluded Offenses 63
California Welfare and Institutions Code ' 603.5 (West Supp. 2001) 63
CHAPTER 3: Delinquency Intake Process 65
A. IJA-ABA Standards On Intake 65
IJA-ABA Standards Relating to the Juvenile Probation Function: Intake and Predisposition Investigative
Services, Juvenile Justice Standards Annotated 155, 161-64 (Robert E. Shepherd, Jr., ed., 1996) 65
B. Arrest 70
1. IJA-ABA Standards on Arrest IJA-ABA Standards Relating to Police Handling of
Juvenile Problems, Juvenile Justice Standards Annotated 233, 235-36 (Robert E. Shepherd, Jr., ed., 1996) 70
IJA-ABA Standards Relating to Interim Status: The Release, Control and Detention
of Accused Juvenile Offenders Between Arrest and Disposition, Juvenile Justice Standards Annotated 119, 133-34 (Robert E. Shepherd, Jr., ed., 1996) 71
2. Search and Seizure 72
State v. Lowry (N.J. Super. Ct. 1967) 72
C. Detention 78
Schall v. Martin (U.S. 1984) 78
IJA-ABA Standards Relating to Interim Status: The Release, Control and Detention of Accused
Juvenile Offenders Between Arrest and Disposition, Juvenile
Justice Standards Annotated 119-21, 123-34 (Robert E. Shepherd, Jr., ed., 1996) 89
D. Investigation and Interrogation 91
Fare v. Michael C. (U.S. 1979) 93
E. Diversion 105
State v. Quiroz (Wash. 1987) 105
IJA-ABA Standards Relating to Youth Service Agencies, Juvenile Justice Standards
Annotated 293, 293-97 (Robert E. Shepherd, Jr., ed., 1996) 108
F. Charging the Juvenile: Prosecutorial Discretion 111
State v. McDowell (Wash. 1984) 111
G. Interface with Child Welfare Proceedings 115
Burns Indiana Statutes Annotated '' 31-33-13-5, 31-33-14-1, 31-33-14-2, 31-33-18-2,
31-39-2-5, 31-39-2-6, 31-39-2-9, 31-39-4-6 & 31-39-4-7 (Michie 2000) 115
CHAPTER 4: Children's Rights in Public Schools 117
A. First Amendment Freedoms 117
1. Speech 117
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (U.S. 1969) 117
2. Religion 126
School District of Abington Township Pennsylvania v. Schempp (U.S. 1963) 126
B. School Suspension 135
Goss v. Lopez (U.S. 1975) 135
C. Corporal Punishment 143
Ingraham v. Wright (U.S. 1977) 143
D. Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure 153
New Jersey v. T.L.O. (U.S. 1985) 153
Isiah B. v. State (Wis. 1993) 158
Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton (U.S. 1995) 161
CHAPTER 5: The Waiver Decision: Whether to Charge the Juvenile as an Adult 173
A. Due Process and the Waiver Hearing 174
Kent v. United States (U.S. 1966) 174
Standards Relating to Transfer Between Courts, Juvenile Justice Standards Annotated 285,
285-92 (Robert E. Sheperd, Jr., ed. 1996) 184
B. Criteria for Waiver of Juvenile Court Jurisdiction 187
Connecticut General Statutes Annotated ' 46b-127 (West Supp. 2001) 187
United States v. K.J.C. (N.D. Iowa 1997) 187
C. Reverse Waiver 197
State v. Verhagen (Wis. Ct. App. 1995) 197
CHAPTER 6: Adjudication in Delinquency Proceedings 205
A. Competency of Juvenile to Stand Trial 205
In re Carey (Mich. Ct. App. 2000) 205
B. The Adjudication Hearing 212
1. Due Process Framework 212
In re Gault (U.S. 1967) 212
2. Burden of Proof 232
In re Winship (U.S. 1970) 232
3. Jury Trial 238
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (U.S. 1971) 238
4. Public Trial 244
IJA-ABA Standards Relating to Adjudication, Juvenile Justice Standards
Annotated 1, 11-12 (Robert E. Shepherd, Jr., ed. 1996) 244
Alabama Code ' 12-15-65 (Lexis Supp. 2000) 245
In re Jesse McM. (Cal. Ct. App. 1980) 245
5. Speedy Trial 248
In re C.T.F. (Iowa 1982) 248
6. Double Jeopardy 253
Breed v. Jones (U.S. 1975) 253
7. Sealing and Expungement of Juvenile Records 260
Kentucky Bar Association v. Guidugli (Ky. 1998) 260
Doe v. United States (S.D. Cal. 1997) 262
CHAPTER 7: Dispositions in Delinquency Proceedings 267
A. Treatment and Rehabilitation 268
1. Right to Treatment 268
Martarella v. Kelley (S.D.N.Y. 1972) 268
Whatever Happened to the Right to Treatment?: The Modern Quest for a
Historical Promise, Paul Holland & Wallace J. Mlyniec, 68
Temp. L. Rev. 1791 (1995) 270
2. Least Restrictive Alternative 278
State ex rel. R.S. v. Trent (W. Va 1982) 278
3. Use of Predispositional Reports 282
In re B.B. (Fla. Dis. Ct. App. 1994) 282
In re Pima County Delinquency Action No. 90101-1 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1987) 283
B. Probation: Conditions and Challenges 285
1. Restitution 285
P.R. v. State (Ga. Ct. App. 1974) 285
2. Community Service 289
M.J.W. v. State (Ga. Ct. App. 1974) 289
3. Curfew 292
In re Rodriguez (Tex. App. 1985) 292
4. Association 294
In re Babak S. (Cal. Ct. App. 1993) 294
5. Home Supervision 300
In re Curtis T. (Cal. Ct. App 1989) 300
6. Drug Testing 305
In re Kacy S. (Cal. Ct. App. 1998) 305
7. Church Attendance 310
L.M. v. State (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1992) 310
8. Restrictions on Travel 316
In re Pedro Q. (Cal. Ct. App. 1989) 316
9. Implied Conditions 319
In re Litdell (Miss. 1970) 319
C. Movement of Juveniles Across State Lines 321
Interstate Compact on Juveniles 321
D. Institutional Confinement 327
1. Deterrence 327
Scott L. v. State (Nev. 1988) 327
2. Protection of Society 330
In re Michael D. (Cal. Ct. App. 1987) 330
3. Punishment 333
Scott L. v. State (Nev. 1988) 333
4. No Confinement for Status Offenders 336
In re Ellery C. (N.Y. 1973) 336
5. Education Rights of Incarcerated Juveniles 338
Tunstall ex rel. Tunstall v. Bergeson (Wash. 2000) 338
E. Community Based Programs 345
State v. J.D.G. (Wash. Ct. App. 1997) 345
In re Groves (N.C. App. 1989) 347
F. Blended Sentencing 351
In re L.J.S. (Minn. Ct. App. 1995) 352
G. Death Penalty for Children 356
Thompson v. Oklahoma (U.S. 1988) 356
Stanford v. Kentucky (U.S. 1989) 365
CHAPTER 8: Dependency, Abuse, and Neglect: The Child as Victim 377
A. JurisdictionGeneral 378
Idaho Code ' 16-1603 (Michie 2001) 378
B. Duty to Report 379
Florida Statutes Annotated ' 39.201 (West Supp. 2001) 379
State v. Snell (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1998) 380
C. Substantive Requirements 385
1. Dependency 385
General Statutes of North Carolina ' 7B-101(9) (Lexis 1999) 385
In re Tikyra A. (Ohio Ct. App. 1995) 386
2. AbuseGenerally 389
General Statutes of North Carolina ' 7B-101(1) (Lexis 1999) 389
a. Physical Abuse 390
Utah Code Annotated ' 76-5-109 (Lexis Supp. 2000) 390
In re Ethan H. (N.H. 1992) 391
Hawaii v. Kaimimoku (Haw. Ct. App. 1992) 394
b. Sexual Abuse 399
West Virginia Code ' 49-1-3 (Lexis 1999) 399
Alaska v. Jackson (Alaska Ct. App. 1989) 400
c. Mental Abuse 406
23 Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Annotated ' 6303
(West Supp. 2001) 406
T.S. v. Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services
(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1995) 407
d. Fetal Abuse 410
State ex rel. Angela M.W. v. Kruzicki (Wis. 1997) 410
3. Neglect 420
General Statutes of North Carolina ' 7B-101(15) (Lexis 1999) 420
a. Nutritional Neglect 420
In re Mendez (Or. Ct. App. 1999) 420
b. Housing Neglect 425
In re E.R. (Neb. 1988) 425
c. Medical Neglect 428
In re E.G. (Ill. 1989) 428
d. Educational Neglect 434
In re B.A.B. (Minn. Ct. App. 1998) 434
e. Lack of Supervision 437
In re Zeiser (Ohio Ct. App. 1999) 437
f. Domestic Violence 443
Delaware Code Annotated tit. 13, ' 705A (Michie Supp. 2000) 443
In re Lonell J. (N.Y. App. Div. 1998) 444
CHAPTER 9: The Child's Right to State Protection 449
A. Constitutional Protections: Parental Authority and Family Privacy 450
Meyer v. Nebraska (U.S. 1923) 450
Pierce v. Society of Sisters (U.S. 1925) 452
B. Compelling State Interest of Child Protection 454
1. Intervention in Family Life 454
Prince v. Massachusetts (U.S. 1944) 454
2. Removal of Child from Home 458
In the Matter of the Appeal in Cochise County Juvenile
Action No. 5666-J (Ariz. 1982) 458
C. Duty of State to Protect Child 462
DeShaney v. Winnebago Department of Social Services (U.S. 1989) 462
Nicini v. Morra (3d Cir. 2000) 468
CHAPTER 10: The Child Welfare Process 477
A. Emergency Removal of Children 479
1. Due Process 479
Tenenbaum v. Williams (2d Cir. 1999) 479
2. Detention Hearing 487
Washington Revised Code Annotated ' 13.40.050 (West Supp. 2001) 487
3. Reasonable Efforts to Reunify 488
Title IReasonable Efforts And Safety Requirements for Foster Care and Adoption Placements 489
B. Initial Hearing 492
1. Superseding Public Law Jurisdiction 492
Alexander v. Cole (Ind. Ct. App. 1980) 492
2. Due Process Framework 495
Arizona Revised Statutes Annotated ' 8-843 (West Supp. 2000) 495
In re E.P. (Ind. Ct. App. 1995) 496
New Mexico v. Lili L. (N.M. Ct. App. 1995) 500
C. Factfinding Hearing 506
Wisconsin Statutes Annotated ' 48.31 (West Supp. 2000) 506
1. Burden of Proof 507
In re N.H. (D.C. 1990) 507
2. Need for Coercive Court Intervention 511
Indiana Code Annotated ' 31-34-1-1 (Lexis 1997) 511
In re Juvenile Appeal (83-CD) (Conn. 1983) 511
D. Permanency Hearings 515
1. Permanency Plan 515
Iowa Code Annotated ' 232.104 (West Supp. 2001) 515
Adoption and Safe Families Act (1997), 42 U.S.C. ' 675(5)(C)
(West Supp. 2001) 516
In re Scott Y. (Wis. Ct. App. 1993) 517
2. Reunification Services 520
In re Angel N. (N.H. 1996) 520
In re Joshua H. (Cal. Ct. App. 1993) 523
3. Reunification Versus Child Protection 529
In re Edward C. (Cal. Ct. App. 1981) 529
E. Dispositional Orders 534
1. Child PlacementInterstate Dimension 534
Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children (1961) 534
In re Adoption of A.M.M. (Kan. Ct. App. 1997) 537
2. Visitation 543
Troxel v. Granville (U.S. 2000) 543
F. Post-Disposition Proceedings 555
1. Court's Use of Contempt Power 555
Baltimore Department of Social Services v. Bouknight (U.S. 1990) 555
2. Protective Orders 562
California Welfare and Institutions Code ' 213.5(a) (West Supp. 2001) 562
3. Administrative Review Process 563
Ohio Revised Code Annotated ' 2151.416 (Anderson Supp. 2000) 563
G. Native American Children: The Indian Child Welfare Act 565
House of Representatives Report No. 95-1386 (1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 7530) 565
The Indian Child Welfare Act, Subchapter ICChild Custody Proceedings,
5 U.S.C.A. '' 1911 et seq. (West Supp. 2000) 568
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield (U.S. 1989) 573
CHAPTER 11: Special Advocacy for Children 583
A. The Child's Legal Status in Child Protection Proceedings 584
1. Party Status 584
Indiana Code Annotated ' 31-34-9-7 (Lexis 1997) 584
2. Standing 584
Kingsley v. Kingsley (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1993) 584
In re Pima County Juvenile Severance Action No. S-113432
(Ariz. Ct. App. 1993) 586
B. Nature of Special Advocacy for Children 590
1. Role of Special Advocate 590
Alaska Code ' 25.24.310 (Lexis 2000) 590
In re the Matter of George F. (N.M. Ct. App. 1998) 590
2. Child Protection Proceedings 596
In re Esperanza M. (N.M. Ct. App. 1998) 596
3. Termination of Parental Rights Proceedings 602
Mississippi Code Annotated ' 93-15-107(1) (Lexis Supp. 2000) 602
Stanley v. Fairfax County Department of Social Services (Va. 1991) 602
C. Immunity and Liability of Special Advocates 606
Kansas Supreme Court Rule 110 606
Louisiana Revised Statutes Annotated, Children's Code ' 424.10
(West Supp. 2001) 607
Tara M. v. City of Philadelphia (3d Cir. 1998) 608
CHAPTER 12: The Special Role of Foster Parents 613
A. Standing 614
Maine Revised Statutes Annotated title 22, ' 4005-A (West Supp. 2000) 614
Rhode Island General Laws ' 14-1-30.2 (Lexis 2000) 614
Worrell v. Elkhart County Office of Family and Children (Ind. 1998) 615
In re Michael Ray T. (W. Va. 1999) 616
B. Rights of Foster Parents 622
20 Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated ' 520/1-15 (West Supp. 2001) 622
Smith v. Organization of Foster Families (U.S. 1977) 624
C. Authority of Foster Parents 632
J.M.A. v. State (Alaska 1975) 632
D. Adoption By Foster Parents 636
C.S. v. S.H. (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1996) 636
E. Foster Parent Liability 645
1. Liability to the Foster Child 645
Washington Revised Code Annotated ' 4.24.590 (West Supp. 2001) 645
Mayberry v. Pryor (Mich. 1985) 645
2. Liability to Third Parties 650
Missouri Annotated Statutes ' 537.045 (West 2000) 650
Kerins v. Lima (Mass. 1997) 651
CHAPTER 13: Medical and Psychological Issues 655
A. Medical Issues 657
1. Maternal Deprivation Syndrome (Failure to Thrive) 657
In re Riffe (Mich. Ct. App. 1985) 657
2. Shaken Baby Syndrome 663
People v. Ripley (Ill. App. Ct. 1997) 663
3. The Cocaine Baby 668
In re Valerie D. (Conn. 1992) 668
4. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 675
Adoption of Oliver (Mass. App. Ct. 1990) 675
5. Battered Child Syndrome 681
State v. Tanner (Utah 1983) 681
B. Psychological Evidence 689
1. Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome 689
State v. J.Q. (N.J. 1993) 689
2. Anatomically Correct Dolls 699
In re Amber B. (Cal. Ct. App. 1987) 699
3. Battering Parent Syndrome 707
Sanders v. State (Ga. 1983) 707
4. Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 711
In re Jessica Z. (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1987) 711
5. Parent Alienation Syndrome 721
Karen B. v. Clyde M. (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1991) 721
CHAPTER 14: Termination of Parental Rights 729
A. Substantive Due Process RightsParents 731
Meyer v. Nebraska (U.S. 1923) 731
Pierce v. Society of Sisters (U.S. 1925) 731
Prince v. Massachusetts (U.S. 1944) 731
Stanley v. ILlinois (U.S. 1972) 731
B. Procedural Due Process 736
1. Notice and Hearing 736
a. Basic Requirements 736
Delaware Code Annotated tit. 13, ' 1107 (Michie Supp. 2000) 736
b. The Incarcerated Parent 740
California Penal Code ' 2625 (West Supp. 2001) 740
In re Ruth Anne E. (N.M. Ct. App. 1999) 741
2. Right to Counsel 747
Georgia Code Annotated ' 17-12-38.1 (Lexis 1997) 747
Lassiter v. Department of Social Services of Durham County,
North Carolina (U.S. 1981) 748
3. Exclusion of Public 756
Arizona Revised Statutes Annotated ' 8-537(A) (West Supp. 2000) 756
4. Burden of Proof 756
Santosky v. Kramer (U.S. 1982) 756
Arizona Revised Statutes Annotated ' 8-537(B) (West Supp. 2000) 762
The Indian Child Welfare Act, Subchapter IChild Custody
Proceedings, 25 U.S.C.A. ' 1912(f) (West 2000) 763
In re D.S.P. (Wis. 1992) 763
5. Confrontation 768
In Interest of M.S. et al. (Ga. Ct. App. 1986) 768
In re E.D. (Utah Ct. App. 1994) 770
C. Grounds for Termination 776
1. Basic Requirements 776
Montana Code Annotated ' 41-3-609 (1999) 776
a. Best Interests of the Child 778
In re Justin T. (Me. 1994) 778
b. Reconciling Child's Best Interests and Parents' Rights 782
In re Dallas M. (Wis. Ct. App. 1998) 782
2. Special Grounds 787
a. Mother's Prenatal Conduct 787
Adoption of Oliver (Mass. App. Ct. 1990) 787
In re Valerie D. (Conn. 1991) 787
b. Mental Status of Parents 790
In re Welfare of P.J.K. (Minn. 1985) 790
c. Incarceration of Parent 797
Florida Statutes Annotated ' 39.806(1)(d) (West Supp. 2001) 797
In the Matter of the Adoption of C.A.W. (Pa. Super. Ct. 1996) 797
d. Terminal Illness of Parent 804
Micah Alyn R. (W. Va. 1998) 804
D. Application of Americans with Disabilities Act 813
In re B.S. (Vt. 1997) 813
E. Application of Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act 818
In re M.C.S. (S.D. 1993) 818
Uniform Child-Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act '' 201-201, 206-207 9 U.L.A. 671 (1997) 822
F. Who May File Termination Petitions 826
23 Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Annotated ' 2512 (West Supp. 2001) 826
Kingsley v. Kingsley (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1993) 827
In re Pima County Juvenile Severance, Action No. S-113432(Ariz. Ct. App. 1993) 827
G. Termination of Parental Rights and Adoption 827
1. Adoption and Safe Families Act (1997) 827
The Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, 42 U.S.C.S. ' 675(5) (Lexis 1998) 827
The Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, 42 U.S.C.S.' 673b (Lexis 1998) 828
2. Constitutional Considerations 831
Stanley v. Illinois (U.S. 1972) 831
Lehr v. Robertson (U.S. 1983) 831
CHAPTER 15: Mental Health Commitment of Children 843
A. Mental Health Classifications 844
The Book of Names: DSM-IV in Context, Peter S. Jensen & Kimberly
Hoagwood, 9 Development and Psychopathology 231 (1997) 844
B. Substantive Requirements 847
New Mexico Statutes Annotated ' 32A-6-13 (Michie 1999) 847
C. Due Process Framework 849
New Mexico Statutes Annotated ' 32A-6-13(E), (F) & (G) (Michie 1999) 849
Kentucky Revised Statute Annotated ' 645.230 (West 2000) 849
Parham v. J.R. (U.S. 1979) 850
M.W. v. Davis (Fla. 2000) 859
CHAPTER 16: The Future of the Juvenile Court 865
A. Maintain a Rehabilitative Approach 865
1. Rehabilitation Generally 865
2. Restorative Justice 867
B. Abolition of the Juvenile Court? 868
C. Specialization: Different Kinds of Juvenile Courts 870
1. Juvenile Drug Courts 870
2. Family Drug Courts 871
3. Youth Courts 871
Index of Authorities 873
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