Summary of Contents xi
Table of Contents xiii
Preface xxxi
Acknowledgments xli
Contributions xliii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS
A. BRIEF HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 2
1. Early Developments 2
2. World War I and the League of Nations 3
3. The Inter-War Years 5
4. World War II and the Beginning of the Modern Human Rights Movement 6
a. The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals, and Control Council Law No. 10 7
b. The Creation of the United Nations: Dumbarton Oaks and San Francisco 7
c. The United Nations and Multilateral Protection of Human Rights 8
i. Codification 8
ii. Development of Human Rights Law within the U.N. Structure; Charter-Based Human Rights Bodies 10
iii. Development of Human Rights Law through Six U.N. Treaty-Based Human
Rights Committees 17
B. HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 17<>
1. The U.N. and International Human Rights Law 17
a. Human Rights under the U.N. Charter 17
b. International Bill of Human Rights 18
c. Other U.N. Treaties 18
d. Related U.N. Instruments 20
2. Other Worldwide Treaties and Instruments 20
3. Customary International Law 22
4. Regional Organizations and Law-Making 23
a. European System 24
b. Inter-American System 24
c. Organization of African Unity 25
5. Domestic Implementation of Human Rights 26
C. CONCLUSION 28
CHAPTER 2: AN EXERCISE IN TREATY-MAKING
A. INTRODUCTION 33
B. DRAFTING EXERCISE 34
C. QUESTIONS 35
CHAPTER 3: AN EXAMPLE OF HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY-MAKING: CHILD SOLDIERS
A. INTRODUCTION 38
B. QUESTIONS 38
C. EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICT 40
Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1924) 41
D. THE WORKING GROUP OF THE U.N. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS FOR
THE DRAFTING OF THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 43
Lawrence J. LeBlanc, The Convention on the Rights of the Child: United Nations Lawmaking on Human
Rights, Drafting the Convention 43
Lawrence J. LeBlanc, The Convention on the Rights of the Child: United Nations Lawmaking on Human
Rights, Participation in Armed Conflict 45
Adam Lopatka, Report of the Working Group on the draft Convention on the rights of the child 47
E. THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 50
Defence for Children International, Article 38 of the draft Convention on the Rights of the Child and the
Participation of Children in Armed Conflicts 50
Rddda Barnen (Save the Children Sweden), Ban the Use of Children asSoldiers in Armed Conflicts 52
International League for Human Rights, Human Rights at the United Nations: A New Treaty on
Children's Rights 54
Martin Macpherson, The Rights of the Child 55
Lawrence J. LeBlanc, The Convention on the Rights of the Child: United Nations Lawmaking on Human
Rights, Drafting the Convention, Subsequent Consideration of Article 38 57
F. THE WORKING GROUP OF THE U.N. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS FOR
THE DRAFTING OF THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL 62
Written statement submitted by the Friends World Committee for Consultation 62
Written statement submitted by Human Rights Watch 63
Report of the Working Group on the draft optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child
on involvement of children in armed conflict 65
G. ADOPTION OF THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS
73
Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, Child Soldiers (1999) 73
Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, Child Soldiers (2000) 75
President William J. Clinton, Remarks at the Signing of the Optional Protocol on Children in Armed
Conflict 81
CHAPTER 4: RATIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TREATIES: THE COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
A. INTRODUCTION 84
B. QUESTIONS 84
C. THE COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS 85
1. What Are Economic, Social and Cultural Rights? 85
2. Interpreting States' Obligations under the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights 88
The Government of South Africa v. Grootboom 93
D. IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT 104
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 104
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Report on the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Sessions
104
E. RATIFICATION OF TREATIES 110
1. How Do Governments Become Bound? 110
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 110
Anne M. Williams, United States Treaty Law 112
2. Reservations 113
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 113
Dinah Shelton, International Law 115
3. U.S. Ratification of Human Rights Treaties 117
Nigel S. Rodley, On the Necessity of United States Ratification of theInternational Human Rights
Conventions 119
a. Genocide Convention 123
b. Treaty Against Torture 124
c. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 125
d. Racial Convention 127
e. Women's Convention 128
f. American Convention 128
4. Should the U.S. Ratify the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights? 134
Philip Alston, U.S. Ratification of the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: The Need for
an Entirely New Strategy 134
5. RatificationWith or Without Qualifications? 142
Four Treaties Pertaining to Human Rights: Message From the President of the United States 142
Burns Weston, U.S. Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights:
With or Without Qualifications 145
F. TREATY RATIFICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION 148
CHAPTER 5: STATE REPORTING UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES
A. INTRODUCTION 153
B. QUESTIONS 154
C. REPORTING PROCEDURES 156
1. The Civil and Political Covenant's Human Rights Committee 156
2. Reporting and Consideration Procedures 156
a. The Initial Report 156
b. Periodic Reports 160
c. Supplementary Reports 161
d. Emergency Reports 162
3. Distribution of Committee Reports and Comments 163
D. THE SITUATION IN IRAN 167
1. Creation of the Islamic Republic of Iran 167
Amnesty International, Iran: Violations of Human Rights 168
2. Human Rights Committee 171
Human Rights Committee, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the
Covenant: Iran (1982) 172
Report of the Human Rights Committee, Comments by the Iranian Representative during the
Committee's examination of the report (1982) 173
Report of the Human Rights Committee, General Comments on Article 7 of the Covenant 174
Human Rights Committee, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the
Covenant: Iran (1992) 176
Human Rights Committee, Observations and Questions Presented during the Committee's Examination
of the second Iranian report
1194th Meeting 177
1196th Meeting 177
1230th Meeting 178
3. Country Rapporteur Process of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights 179
Report by the Commission's Special Representative on the Human Rights Situation in Iran (1985) 180
4. Iranian Violations of International Law 184
E. THE INTERNATIONAL LAW PROHIBITION OF TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL,
INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT 185
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners 185
Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman
or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 186
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 186
Body of Principles for the Treatment of Detainees 188
1. Human Rights Committee Consideration of Communications Under the Optional Protocol
189
a. Committee Procedures 189
Report of the Human Rights Committee re: Consideration of Communications Under the
Optional Protocol 189
b. Committee Jurisprudence 196
Manfred Nowak, U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary 196
Human Rights Committee Views on Communication No. 414/1990 197
2. European System 200
Ireland v. United Kingdom, European Commission 201
Ireland v. United Kingdom, European Court 202
Tyrer Case, European Court 203
Case of Selmouni v. France, European Court 206
Geneva Conventions of 1949, Common Article 3 209
Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States 209
3. U.N. Response to Amputations Under the Islamic Penal Code of Sudan 210
F. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS: NATURAL LAW,
POSITIVISM, AND ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES 210
Myres S. McDougal, Harold D. Lasswell & Lung-Chu Chen, Human Rights and World Public Order: The
Basic Policies of an International Law of Human Dignity 211
S. Farooq A. Hassan, The Islamic Republic: Politics, Law and Economy 212
G. CULTURAL RELATIVISM AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 216
Jack Donnelly, Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights 216
Nigel Purvis, Critical Legal Studies in Public International Law 218
CHAPTER 6: WHAT U.N. CHARTER-BASED MECHANISMS ARE AVAILABLE FOR VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS?
ECOSOC Resolutions 1235 and 1503; Thematic Procedures
A. INTRODUCTION 228
B. QUESTIONS 229
C. BACKGROUND ON BURMA (MYANMAR) 231
Open Society Institute, Burma: Country in Crisis 231
D. U.N. PROCEDURES FOR RESPONDING TO HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS 235
1. Development of Major U.N. Procedures 235
ECOSOC Resolution 728F 235
ECOSOC Resolution 1235 237
ECOSOC Resolution 1503 239
2. Overview of Resolution 1503 Procedure in Practice 241
3. Theme Procedures 246
Camille Giffard & Meagan Hrle, The United Nations Charter-Based Mechanisms 252
Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention 262
Report by the Special Rapporteur on the right to food 263
Adverse effects of the illicit movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous products and wastes on the
enjoyment of human rights 264
Civil and Political Rights, Including Religious Intolerance 265
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and
expression 265
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers 266
Civil and Political Rights Including the Questions of Torture and Detention 267
Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
272
4. Further Remarks on 1235, 1503, Country Rapporteurs, and the Theme Procedures 273
Koen Davidse, The 48th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights and UN Monitoring of
Violations of Civil and Political Rights 275
Marc Bossuyt, The Development of Special Procedures of the United Nations Commission on Human
Rights 276
Sandra Coliver, U.N. Machineries on Women's Rights 279
Situation of human rights in Myanmar 281
CHAPTER 7: HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION
A. INTRODUCTION 288
B. QUESTIONS 288
C. U.N. MISSIONS TO MAINTAIN OR RESTORE PEACE AND SECURITY 291
U.N. Charter 291
United Nations, Basic Facts About the United Nations 292
1. The Consequences of Somalia and Rwanda 302
U.N. Secretary-General, Supplement to an Agenda for Peace 302
2. Rethinking Peacekeeping After Kosovo 304
U.N. Secretary-General, Address to the Opening Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly 304
U.N. Secretary-General, We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century
306
3. Growing Experience: Good and Bad Examples 308
David P. Forsythe, Human Rights and International Security: United Nations Field Operations Redux 308
4. How to Do It Better 312
Ian Martin, International Human Rights Field Presence: Past Experience, Current Methodology, Future
Prospects 312
Daphna Shraga, UN Peacekeeping Operations: Applicability of International Humanitarian Law and
Responsibility for Operations-Related Damage 316
D. REGIONAL MULTILATERAL INTERVENTION 323
1. ECOWAS's Interventions in Liberia and Sierra Leone 323
Jeremy Levitt, Humanitarian Intervention by Regional Actors in Internal Conflicts: The Cases of
ECOWAS in Liberia and Sierra Leone 323
2. NATO's Intervention in Kosovo 328
Michael J. Glennon, The New Interventionism: The Search for a Just International Law 331
Thomas M. Franck, Sidelined in Kosovo? The United Nations' Demise Has Been Exaggerated 336
Richard B. Bilder, Kosovo and the "New Interventionism": Promise or Peril? 338
E. UNILATERAL ACTION 345
Richard B. Lillich, A United States Policy of Humanitarian Intervention and Intercession 346
Abraham D. Sofaer, International Law and the Use of Force 349
Tom J. Farer & Christopher C. Joyner, The United States and the Use of Force: Looking Back to See
Ahead 352
Jules Lobel, Benign Hegemony?Kosovo and Article 2(4) of the U.N. Charter 357
CHAPTER 8:CAN HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATORS BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE?
A. INTRODUCTION 366
B. QUESTIONS 366
C. RESPONDING TO PAST HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS 371
Diane F. Orentlicher, Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior
Regime 371
Josi Zalaquett, Balancing Ethical Imperatives and Political Constraints: The Dilemma of New
Democracies Confronting Past Human Rights Violations 375
David Weissbrodt & Paul W. Fraser, Political Transitions and Commissions of Inquiry 377
John Dugard, Reconciliation and Justice: The South African Experience 380
D. NUREMBERG PRINCIPLES 390
1. The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals 390
2. Control Council Law No. 10 and "Minor" Tribunals 391
E. AD HOC INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AND RWANDA 394
1. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 394
Diane F. Orentlicher, Legal Basis of the Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 398
2. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 399
3. Efficacy of the ad hoc Tribunals 403
Sean D. Murphy, Progress and Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia 403
Organization of African Unity, Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide 404
Aryeh Neier, Rethinking Truth, Justice, and Guilt after Bosnia and Rwanda 407
F. A PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 417
Jerry Fowler, The Rome Treaty for an International Criminal Court: A Framework of International Justice
for Future Generations 418
David J. Scheffer, The United States and the International Criminal Court 423
Bartram S. Brown, U.S. Objections to the Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Brief Response
425
President William J. Clinton, Statement on Signature of the International Criminal Court Treaty 429
G. PROSECUTING HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATORS IN FOREIGN NATIONAL COURTS
433
Ex parte Pinochet 433
Human Rights Watch, The Pinochet Precedent, How Victims Can Pursue Human Rights Criminals
Abroad 446
Menno Kamminga, The Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Respect of Gross Human Rights Offences
451
CHAPTER 9: INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS FACT-FINDING
A. INTRODUCTION 456
B. QUESTIONS 456
C. BACKGROUND: THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 460
1. History of the Congo 460
2. Fact-finding in the Congo 462
Human Rights Watch, Democratic Republic of Congo: What Kabila Is Hiding 463
D. FACT-FINDING PROCEDURES 465
1. Preparation for an On-Site Investigation 466
2. Methods of On-Site Fact-finding 469
3. Analysis, Verification, Follow-up, and Reporting 480
4. U.S. State Department Country Reports as Fact-finding Exercises 482
Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1999
483
E. EXPERIENCE OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 485
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Third Report on the Human Rights Situation in Colombia
485
Thomas Buergenthal, Robert Norris, & Dinah Shelton, Protecting Human Rights in the Americas:
Selected Problems 491
Inter-American Commission, Case 9265 493
Edmundo Vargas, Visits on the Spot: The Experience of the Inter-American Commission on Human
Rights 498
F. FACT-FINDING WITHOUT ON-SITE OBSERVATION 502
Asia Watch & Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights Committee, Human Rights in the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea 504
G. IMPACT OF FACT-FINDING INVESTIGATIONS 511
1. Todd Howland, Mirage, Magic, or Mixed Bag? The United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights' Field Operation in Rwanda 511
2. Assessing the Impact of Fact-finding Investigations 515
Sieglinde Grdnzer, Changing Discourse: Transnational Advocacy Networks in Tunisia and Morocco
516
3. Fact-finding for United States Violations of Human Rights 522
CHAPTER 10: HOW DOES U.S. FOREIGN POLICY INFLUENCE HUMAN RIGHTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES?
A. INTRODUCTION 526
B. QUESTIONS 526
C. INTERNATIONAL DUTIES 528
1. U.S. Duties as a U.N. member-nation 528
a. The U.N. Charter 528
b. International Human Rights Treaties 529
D. INCORPORATING HUMAN RIGHTS GOALS INTO U.S. FOREIGN POLICY: FROM
JIMMY CARTER TO GEORGE W. BUSH 530
1. The Origins of Human Rights in U.S. Foreign Policy 530
2. The Creation of General Legislation and the Helsinki Commission 530
3. Implementing General Human Rights Legislation Under the Carter Administration 532
Jimmy Carter, Remarks Commemorating the 30th Anniversary of the Signing of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights 532
4. A New Theme for Human Rights Foreign Policy: Promoting Democracy Abroad 537
Ronald Reagan, Speech to the House of Commons 537
5. The End of the Cold War 542
James Baker, Secretary of State, Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee 542
6. Harmonizing Human Rights With Democracy-Building and Economic Development 544
Madeleine Albright, Press Briefing on the Release of Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
545
7. A New View or More of the Same? 551
E. DEFINING AND IMPLEMENTING U.S. HUMAN RIGHTS FOREIGN POLICY 552
1. The Role of the Administration 552
a. Diplomatic Efforts and Efficacy 552
David D. Newsom, The Diplomacy of Human Rights: A Diplomat's View 553
2. Legislation and the Congressional Role 556
a. Country-Specific Legislation 557
b. Legislation and the Presidential Role: Certification Requirements 558
c. "Carrot" Legislation 558
d. Legislation Creating Special Commissions 559
e. Legislation Regarding Use of "Voice and Vote" in International Financial Institutions
560
f. Other Congressional Tools 562
3. Economic Sanctions 564
Stuart Eizenstat, Under Secretary for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs 564
CHAPTER 11: THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM AND THE INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS
The
Martinez Case and the Inter-American Commission
A. INTRODUCTION 578
B. QUESTIONS 578
C. THE MARTINEZ CASE 579
D. LAW GOVERNING SELF-DETERMINATION AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN 583
1. International Law 583
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man 583
American Convention on Human Rights 583
Charter of the Organization of American States 584
Protocol of Buenos Aires 584
Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (ILO No. 169)
584
Proposed American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 585
Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 587
Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women
589
2. U.S. Law 590
E. THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION 591
1. Procedures of the Inter-American Commission 591
The Human Rights Situation of the Indigenous People in the Americas 591
2. Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Commission 598
a. Does the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Apply to the United States? 598
b. Cases Involving Indigenous Rights 600
3. Typical Cases in the Inter-American Commission 604
F. ADVISORY AND CONTENTIOUS JURISDICTION OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 608
Thomas Buergenthal, The Inter-American Court of Human Rights 608
Thomas Buergenthal, The Advisory Practice of the Inter-American Human Rights Court 612
G. INTER-AMERICAN JURISPRUDENCE CONCERNING AMNESTY LAWS 615
H. OTHER REGIONAL SYSTEMS 617
1. The Organization of African Unity 617
2. Other Regional Structures 620
CHAPTER 12: THE EUROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM
A. INTRODUCTION 623
B. QUESTIONS 625
C. AREAS OF PROTECTION IN THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 628
1. Homosexuality 628
Dudgeon v. United Kingdom 628
Lustig-Prean and Beckett v. United Kingdom 632
2. Death Penalty 641
3. Corporal Punishment 645
D. REMEDIES IN THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 647
1. Bringing a Case 647
2. Damage Awards 650
Lustig-Prean and Beckett v. United Kingdom 652
3. Parallel Remedies Outside the European System 654
E. INTERSTATE HUMAN RIGHTS CASES IN THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM 658
F. HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN EUROPE APART FROM THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION 660
1. European Union 660
2. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 663
CHAPTER 13: DOMESTIC REMEDIES FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS WITHIN THE U.S.
A. INTRODUCTION 668
Justice Harry Blackmun, Comments 670
B. QUESTIONS 672
C. TREATY PROVISIONS CONCERNING JUVENILE EXECUTION 674
1. Treaties Ratified by the United States 674
Geneva Convention: Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 674
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 674
2. Treaties Signed But Not Ratified by the United States 675
American Convention on Human Rights 675
Convention on the Rights of the Child 675
D. DETERMINING THE VALIDITY AND THE EFFECTS OF RESERVATIONS TO MULTILATERAL HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES 677
1. The Validity of Reservations to Multilateral Human Rights Treaties 677
Human Rights Committee, Comments on the United States of America 682
2. The Effects of Invalid Reservations to Multilateral Human Rights Treaties 684
E. DIRECT JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT OF TREATIES IN THE UNITED STATES 687
1. Self-Execution Doctrine 687
2. Federalism Concerns 691
Domingues v. State of Nevada 692
Domingues v. State of Nevada, Petition for Certiorari 694
Domingues v. State of Nevada, Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae 702
F. A CUSTOMARY NORM OF INTERNATIONAL LAW PROHIBITING JUVENILE EXECUTION 707
1. Introduction 707
2. Evidence of State Practice 708
3. Evidence of Opinio Juris 712
a. Ratification of Human Rights Treaties Forbidding Juvenile Executions 713
b. Non-treaty Instruments Forbidding Juvenile Executions 714
4. The Persistent Objector Claim 719
5. Has the U.S. Been a Persistent Objector to the Norm Against Juvenile Executions? 722
6. Jus Cogens 729
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 730
Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States 730
G. THE INTERPRETIVE USE OF TREATY AND CUSTOMARY LAW IN U.S. COURTS 732
Chew Heong v. United States 732
1. U.S. Constitution 737
Article VI, ' 2 737
Amendment V 737
Amendment VIII 737
Amendment XIV 737
2. Federal Statutory Law 737
42 U.S.C. ' 1983 737
3. Arkansas Constitutional and Statutory Law 738
a. Constitution 738
Article II, ' 8 738
Article II, ' 9 738
b. Statutory Law 738
Ark. Code Ann. ' 9-27-318 738
Ark. Code Ann. ' 5-10-101 739
Ark. Code Ann. ' 5-4-603 739
Ark. Code Ann. ' 5-4-604 740
4. Judicial Interpretation 740
a. U.S. Supreme Court 740
b. State of Arkansas 743
H. ACTING ON INTERNATIONAL LAW DOMESTICALLY 744
Hans A. Linde, Comments 744
CHAPTER 14: U.S. ADJUDICATIVE REMEDIES FOR VIOLATIONS OCCURRING OUTSIDE THE U.S.
A. INTRODUCTION 757
B. QUESTIONS 759
C. ALIEN TORT LITIGATION 763
1. Jurisdiction 763
Filartiga v. Peqa-Irala (1980) 764
2. International Rules Governing Rape and Forced Eviction 781
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 781
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 782
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 782
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women 783
African [Bonjul] Charter on Human and People's Rights 783
Geneva Conventions of 1949 784
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International
Armed Conflicts 785
Control Council Law No. 10, Punishment of Persons Guilty of Crimes Against Humanity 785
Theodor Meron,Rape as a Crime Under International Humanitarian Law 786
D. OBSTACLES TO ADJUDICATION UNDER THE ALIEN TORT CLAIMS ACT 794
1. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 795
2. Head of State and Diplomatic Immunity 806
3. The Act of State Doctrine 808
Liu v. Republic of China 809
4. Statute of Limitations, Damages, and Choice of Law 814
Filartiga v. Peqa-Irala (1984) 814
5. Forum Non Conveniens 817
E. TORTURE VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT LITIGATION 818
28 U.S.C. ' 1350 818
CHAPTER 15: REFUGEE AND ASYLUM LAW; JURISPRUDENCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS; CULTURAL RELATIVISM
A. INTRODUCTION 824
B. QUESTIONS 824
C. INTRODUCTION TO REFUGEE LAW 829
1. Definition of Refugee 829
2. Interpreting the Refugee Definition: Exactly What is a Well-Founded Fear of Persecution?
831
UNHCR Handbook 832
U.S. Committee for Refugees, Proposed Refugee Rule Addresses Asylum for Victims of Gender-Based
Persecution 834
3. Procedural Issues: Claiming Refugee Status 841
Deborah Anker, The Law of Asylum in the United States 841
D. THE ROLE OF THE UNHCR 846
1. Purpose, Function, and Responsibility 846
Statute of the Office of the UNHCR 846
Lawyers Committee, The UNHCR at 40 846
2. Participation in U.S. Asylum Proceedings 850
Letter from UNHCR Associate Legal Counselor 850
E. GENDER-BASED REFUGEE CLAIMS 851
1. Is Violence Against Women Persecution? 851
In re Kasinga 851
In re Matter of R.A. 860
Aguirre-Cervantes v. INS 872
UNHCR Position on FGM 877
UNHCR Guidelines on the Protection of Refugee Women 878
Nancy Kelly, Guidelines for Women's Asylum Claims 879
INS Guidelines for Consideration of Gender-Related Asylum Claim 880
INS Proposed Regulations on Asylum and Withholding 884
2. Internal Flight 893
INS Basic Law Manual 893
INS Regulations on Asylum Procedures 894
F. OBSTACLES TO FGM- AND SPOUSAL VIOLENCE-BASED ASYLUM CLAIMS 896
1. Cultural Relativism 896
Katherine Brennan, The Influence of Cultural Relativism 896
2. Theoretical Foundations of Human Rights 900
Hilary Charlesworth et al., Feminist Approaches to International Law 900
CHAPTER 16: THE ILO AND CHILD LABOR
A. INTRODUCTORY COMMENT AND QUESTIONS 906
B. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM OF CHILD LABOR 909
1. Child Labor in the World 909
UNICEF, Why make a special case for the children? Convention on the Rights of the Child 909
ILO, Child Labor, Targeting the Intolerable 909
UNICEF, The State of the World's Children 1997 915
2. Child Labor in India 918
Kavita Ratna, India 918
Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, The Children's Rights Project 920
Human Rights Watch, Children's Rights Project, Police Abuse and Killings of Street Children in India
921
Child Labor: Refuting the "Nimble Fingers" Argument 921
C. THE ILO, CHILD LABOR, AND THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 923
1. Foundation, Guiding Principles and Basic Structure of the ILO 923
ILO, International Labor Standards, A Worker's Education Manual 923
2. Human Rights and the Mandate of the ILO 926
Virginia Leary, Human Rights at the ILO: Reflections on Making the ILO more "User Friendly" 926
Constitution of the ILO and Standing Orders of the International Labor Conference, Preamble 926
3. International Labor Conventions and ILO Monitoring Procedures 927
Constitution of the ILO and Standing Orders of the International Labor Conference, Art. 19, 22, 23
927
ILO, International Labor Standards, A Workers Education Manual 928
International Labor Conference, 86th Session, ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at
Work 935
4. The International Legal Framework against Child Labor 936
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 24(l) 936
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Art. 10(3) 936
Convention on the Rights of the Child, Art. 32 937
ILO, International Labor Standards Concerned with Labor Inspection: Main Provisions 937
The General Conference of the International Labor Organization, 87th Session, Geneva: C182 Worst
Forms of Child Labor Convention 941
International Labor Conference, 87th Session, Geneva: Report of the Committee on Child Labor
942
International Labor Conference, 87th Session, Geneva: R190 Worst Forms of Child Labor
Recommendation 943
Virginia Leary, Human Rights at the ILO: Reflections on Making the ILO more "User Friendly"
944
ILO, General Survey of the Report relating to Convention No 138 and Recommendation No 146,
concerning Minimum Age, Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and
Recommendations, International Labor Conference, 67th Session 946
ILO, General Report and Observations Concerning Particular Countries, Report of the Committee of
Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, International Labor Conference, 82nd
Session 947
ILO, Report of the Committee on Child Labor, Committee Report: Proposed Conclusions 949
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations of the Committee on Rights of the Child
on India 950
D. ILO'S PROGRAMMATIC EFFORTS AGAINST CHILD LABOR: IPEC 951
The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labor, World of Work 951
ILO, IPEC, Reflections on the Past, Pointers to the Future 954
E. CHILD LABOR AND TRADE 956
Trading into the Future: The Introduction to the WTO (2000) 956
F. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ON CHILD LABOR 958
ILO, Child Labor, Targeting the Intolerable, Report VI(l), International Labor Conference, 86th Session
958
G. NATIONAL PRACTICES AND LAWS AGAINST CHILD LABOR: THE EXAMPLE OF
THE UNITED STATES 961
The Apparel Industry and Codes of Conduct: A Solution to the International Child Labor Problem? 961
CHAPTER 17: WHAT SEEM TO BE THE CAUSES OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AND HOW MIGHT KNOWLEDGE AS TO CAUSATION BE USED?
A. INTRODUCTION 970
B. QUESTIONS 971
C. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS 976
1. Political and Economic Theories and Research 976
Neil J. Mitchell & James M. McCormick, Economic and Political Explanations of Human Rights
Violations 976
Reinhard Heinisch, Political Explanations of Basic Human Rights Performance 983
Steven C. Poe, C. Neal Tate & Linda Camp Keith, Repression of the Human Right to Personal Integrity
Revisited: A Global Cross-National Study Covering the Years 1976-1993 987
2. Military Expansion and Conflict 997
D. SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POWER 999
James C. Scott, The Value and Cost of the Public Transcript 1000
E. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS 1007
Robert J. Lifton, Socialization to Killing 1010
F. SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS 1017
1. Group Identity and Scapegoating 1017
Philip Mayer, Witches 1018
Robert Jay Lifton, Genocide 1020
2. Change, Uncertainty, and Political Manipulation 1021
J.R. Crawford, Witchcraft and Sorcery in Rhodesia 1021
Joyce Bednarski, The Salem Witch-Scare Viewed Sociologically 1022
A. Rebeccca Cardozo, A Modern American Witch-Craze 1024
G. INTERNATIONAL NORM DYNAMICS AND POLITICAL CHANGE 1026
Martha Finnemore & Kathyrn Sikkink, International Norm Dynamics and Political Change 1027
H. ADDITIONAL READINGS 1033
1. General Research on Human Rights Violations 1033
2. Economic & Political Factors 1034
a. Economic Development 1034
b. Political Theories 1034
c. Military Expansion and Conflict 1035
d. U.S. Foreign Policy 1036
3. Sociocultural & Psychological Factors 1037
a. Ingrouping and Outgrouping 1037
b. Group Conformity and Obedience to Authority 1037
c. Sociological Aspects of Political Power 1037
d. Socialization to Violence and War 1037
e. TortureEffects on Victims 1038
4. Anthropology and Human Rights 1038
5. Violations of Human Rights in Latin America 1039
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES 1041
INDEX 1111
Worldwide
Leadership
