Contributing Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART I
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL LAW
CHAPTER 1 THE DOMAIN OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
CHAPTER 2 HISTORY OF THE LAW OF NATIONS
A. Political and Economic History
1. From Antiquity to the Middle Ages
2. Medieval Customary Law
3. The New State System
4. Expansion to the Far East
5. The United States Looks Outward
6. First Steps Toward Institutional Dispute Resolution
B. Illustrative Historical Topics
1. State Jurisdiction
2. War
3. Humanitarian Intervention
4. The Seabed
5. Human Rights
a. Origin and Development
b. Human Rights and Natural Law
C. Intellectual History of the Law of Nations
1. The Classical Period
2. The Medieval Period
3. Gentili's Law of War
4. The Precursors of Grotius
5. Vitoria on the Spanish Conquests
6. Vitoria on "Just Wars"
7. Grotius
8. The Grotius-Selden Debate
9. Assessment of Grotius
10. The Grotian Tradition
11. Bynkershoek, Pufendorf, and Vattel
12. Vattel's Influence
13. The Path to Positivism
14. Invention of the Term "International Law"
15. Positivism at the Turn of the Century
CHAPTER 3 IS INTERNATIONAL LAW "LAW"?
PART II
PROFESSIONAL TOOLS
CHAPTER 4 SOURCES OF GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW
A. Custom
1. Why Do We Need Customary Law?
2. Incidents
3. Finding Custom in An Incident
4. Customary Law Doctrine
5. A Reformulation of Customary Law
6. A Seminar on Custom
7. Criticism of the World Court's View of Custom in the Nicaragua Case
8. The Central Point of Custom
9. Alternate Views of Custom
a. DEBATE: Custom as Reasonableness
(1) Affirmative
(2) Negative
(3) Affirmative Reply
b. Chinese Views of Custom
B. Treaty-Based Rules of Custom
C. General Principles of Law
D. Decisions of National Courts
E. Equity
F. Writings of Publicists
G. Consensus
H. U.N. Resolutions
1. Legal Effect of U.N. Resolutions
2. Discussion
3. An Example
I. Protests
J. The Persistent Objector: DEBATE
1. The Persistent Objector Cannot Block General Custom
2. The Persistent Objector Should Be Able to Block the Formation of
General Custom
K. Jus Cogens
1. Definition
2. Applications
3. The Challenge to Sovereignty
4. DEBATE
a. It's a Bird, it's a Plane, it's JUS COGENS!
b. The Reality of Jus Cogens
CHAPTER 5 SOURCES OF PARTICULAR INTERNATIONAL LAW
A. Treaties
1. Treaty Interpretation
2. Rebus Sic Stantibus
3. Reservations
a. Multilateral Conventions
(1) Background
(2) A Stricter Rule
(3) The Tyranny of Labels
(4) The Vienna Convention's Approach
(5) A Liberal Rule 128
(6) The Effect of Formality on Impermissible Reservations
(7) The World Court Strikes Down a Reservation
(8) Egypt's Reservations to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination
Against Women
b. World Court Jurisdiction
4. Compliance
B. Soft Law
1. Relative Normativity
2. A Brief Response
3. Informal Practice As Soft Law
4. The Importance of Soft Law
5. Human Rights As Soft Law
6. The Many Forms of Agreement
7. Why Are Some International Agreements Informal?
C. Special Custom
PART III
SUBSTANTIVE LAW AND THEORY
CHAPTER 6 THE STATE
A. Personality
1. The Classical Conception of State Personality
2. An Updating of the Classical Conception
3. A Normative Critique of State Personality
4. The Relation Between State and Individual
5. The Torturer Speaks
6. Torture as Raison d'Etat
B. Nationality
C. State Jurisdiction
1. Criminal Jurisdiction
a. Principles
b. Desirable Limits
2. Civil Jurisdiction
3. Conflicts of Jurisdiction
D. State Succession
1. Introduction
2. Basic Concepts
3. Classical Criteria for Statehood
4. State Continuity
5. The Moving Boundary Doctrine
6. Partition
7. DEBATE: Secessionist Movements and Self-Determination
a. The Primacy of Territoriality
b. The Primacy of Human Rights
8. Autonomy
CHAPTER 7 HUMAN RIGHTS
A. Introduction
1. Reflections on Human Rights
2. The Human Rights Revolution
3. The Hierarchy of Human Rights
B. Humanitarian Intervention
1. Introduction
2. Third-State Remedies
3. DEBATE: Resolved that the U.S. Intervention in Panama Violated International
Law
CHAPTER 8 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
A. International Criminal Law as Part of Human Rights
B. Rape
C. A Taxonomy of the Laws of War
D. Terrorism
E. Terrorism and the Laws of War
F. Defenses to War Crimes
G. Environmental Crimes
H. Extradition
1. Overview
2. The Political Offense Exception
3. DEBATE: The U.S.-U.K. Supplementary Treaty is a Retrogressive Step
in Extradition Law
I. Abduction
1. The Threat to World Order
2. Facts of the Alvarez Case
3. DEBATE: Abduction Does Not Violate the US-Mexico Extradition Treaty
CHAPTER 9 GROUP RIGHTS
A. Minority Rights
B. Self-Determination
C. Humanitarian Intervention and Self-Determination
D. DEBATE: Group Freedom
1. The Primacy of Individual Freedom
2. The Primacy of Group Freedom
CHAPTER 10 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
A. DEBATE: Bioethics
1. Our Duty to Future Generations
2. The Duty We Owe to All Existing Forms of Life
3. Reply
4. Rejoinder
5. Intervention
B. Biodiversity
C. Desertification
D. Common Heritage
E. Common Concern
F. Elephants
G. Whales: Their Emerging Right to Life
CHAPTER 11 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT
A. Legislative Reach
1. General Principles
2. Countermeasures
a. An Expansive View
b. A Restrictive View
3. Antitrust
4. The Restatement's New "Balancing Test"
5. A Presumption in Favor of Extraterritoriality
6. Export Controls
7. Intellectual Property
a. Problems
b. Droit Moral
B. Trade and the Environment
C. Exhaustion of Local Remedies
D. The Calvo Doctrine
E. The Calvo Clause
F. Espousal of Claims
G. A Letter Requesting Espousal
H. Dispute Resolution
1. Negotiation
2. Arbitration
3. Third-Party Assistance
4. Adjudication
CHAPTER 12 EMERGING ISSUE AREAS
A. Rights of the Child
1. Background
2. Discussion of Crosscountry Adoption
3. The Need for Crosscountry Adoption
B. AIDS
C. The Right to Health
D. Medical Experimentation
E. Sale of Human Organs
F. International Sports Law
PART IV
THE NORMATIVE DIMENSION
CHAPTER 13 PEACE
CHAPTER 14 JUSTICE
A. The View From Political Theory
B. The View From Moral Philosophy
C. A Skeptical View
D. A Test Case
E. DEBATE: Resolved That Peace Is More Important Than Justice
CHAPTER 15 DEMOCRACY
A. The Emerging Democratic Entitlement
B. Democratic Governance: An African Perspective
C. What Kind of Democracy Do We Want to Export?
CHAPTER 16 CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES
A. The Political Science Critique
1. Realist International Relations Theory
2. Liberal International Relations Theory
B. The Natural Law Critique
1. The Inevitable Circularity
2. Natural Law As a Form of Dispute Resolution
C. The Systems Critique
D. The Critical Legal Studies Critique
E. DEBATE: The Feminist Critique of International Law
F. DEBATE: The "Domestication" of International Law
CHAPTER 17 THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
A. The Dysfunctional State
B. The Rhetoric of Expectation
C. International Consciousness
D. Global Civilization
INDEX
Worldwide
Leadership
