Table of the Federal Rules of Evidence, liii
Table of Articles, lvii
Table of Books and Treatises, lxi
Table of Evidentiary Foundations, lxiii
Table of Miscellaneous Authorities, lxv
Preface and Acknowledgments, lxvii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION: THE CONCEPT OF
EVIDENCE, 1
John H. Wigmore, 1 EVIDENCE _ 1 (3d ed. 1940), 1
James B. Thayer, A PRELIMINARY TREATISE ON EVIDENCE AT THE
COMMON LAW 263-64 (1898), 2
Sir William Blackstone, COMMENTARIES ON THE LAWS OF
ENGLAND 367 (1768), 2
Jerome Michael & Mortimer J. Adler, Real Proof,
5 VAND. L. REV. 334 (1952), 3
Notes and Questions, 3
CHAPTER II: PRELIMINARY MATTERS, 5
A. ALTERNATIVES TO FORMAL PROOF, 5
1. Judicial Notice, 5
a. Introduction, 5
James B. Thayer, A PRELIMINARY TREATISE ON EVIDENCE AT THE
COMMON LAW 277, 279-80 (1898), 5
b. Adjudicative Facts, 6
Varcoe v. Lee, 181 P. 223 (Cal. 1919), 6
Edmund M. Morgan, Judicial Notice, 57 HARV. L.
REV. 269 (1944), 9
Notes and Questions, 10
John H. Wigmore, 9 EVIDENCE _ 2579 (3d ed. 1940), 10
Notes and Questions, 11
Charles T. McCormick, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE _
330 (4th ed. 1992), 12
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of William
"Duff" Armstrong, 12
Notes and Questions, 13
State v. Graham, 322 S.W.2d 188 (Mo. Ct. App.
1959), 14
c. Law, 16
John Maguire, EVIDENCE: COMMON SENSE AND COMMON LAW 168-69
(1947), 16
Uniform Judicial Notice of Foreign Law Act, 17
Notes and Questions, 17
d. Legislative Facts, 18
Muller v. Oregon, 208 U.S. 412 (1908), 18
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 207-08 (Burger, C.J.,
concurring), 19
Dean Alfange, Jr., The Relevance of Legislative Facts
in Constitutional Law, 114 U. PA. L. REV. 637, 639-40,
667-69 (1966), 20
Notes and Questions, 22
Federal Rule of Evidence 201: Judicial Notice of
Adjudicative Facts, 22
Notes and Questions, 23
2. Other Options, 25
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16: Pre-Trial Procedure:
Formulating Issues, 25
Notes and Questions, 25
B. TYPES OF FORMAL PROOF, 26
1. Real Evidence, 26
John H. Wigmore, 1 EVIDENCE _ 24 (3d ed. 1940), 26
Notes and Questions, 26
2. Demonstrative Evidence, 27
Uss v. Town of Oyster Bay, 339 N.E.2d 147 (N.Y.
1975), 27
Notes and Questions, 28
3. Testimonial Evidence, 29
C. BASIC CONDITIONS OF ADMISSIBILITY, 30
1. Introduction, 30
James B. Thayer, A PRELIMINARY TREATISE ON EVIDENCE AT THE
COMMON LAW 264-65 (1898), 30
Note, 30
Federal Rule of Evidence 103: Rulings on Evidence, 31
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 103: Rulings on
Evidence, 31
Notes and Questions, 32
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of John T. Scopes, 32
2. Relevance and Materiality, 38
George F. James, Relevancy, Probability and The Law,
29 CAL. L. REV. 689, 690-91 (1941), 38
Barnett v. State, 135 N.E. 647 (Ohio 1922), 39
Lynch v. Rosenberger, 249 P. 682 (Kan. 1926), 39
Questions, 39
Federal Rule of Evidence 401: Definition of "Relevant
Evidence", 40
United States v. Curtis, 568 F.2d 643 (9th Cir.
1978), 40
Question, 42
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Sirhan Sirhan, 42
3. Competence, 43
Charles E. Torcia, 1 WHARTON'S CRIMINAL EVIDENCE _ 154
(13th ed. 1972), 43
Jerome Prince, RICHARDSON ON EVIDENCE _ 4 (10th ed.
1973), 44
4. Legal Relevance, 44
Herman L. Trautman, Logical or Legal Relevance--A
Conflict in Theory, 5 VAND. L. REV. 385, 389-90 (1952),
44
Notes and Questions, 45
George F. James, Relevancy, Probability and the Law,
29 CAL. L. REV. 689, 701-04 (1941), 45
Federal Rule of Evidence 403: Exclusion of Relevant
Evidence on Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of
Time, 47
Question, 47
United States v. Old Chief, 519 U.S. 172 (1997),
47
Question, 57
5. Evidentiary Foundations, 58
Evidentiary Foundation: People v. Chambers, 58
Mason Ladd, Objections, Motions and Foundation
Testimony, 43 CORNELL L.Q. 543, 543 (1958), 60
James E. McElhaney, TRIAL NOTEBOOK 304, 298-303 (3d ed.
1981), 60
Question, 64
Federal Rule of Evidence 901: Requirement of
Authentication or Identification, 64
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 901(b)(11) & (12):
Self-Authentication, 65
United States v. Reilly, 33 F.3d 1396 (3d Cir.
1994), 66
Notes and Questions, 67
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti,
67
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of John W. Jenrette,
Jr., 72
Evidentiary Foundation: State v. Hoffman, 78
D. PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS OF FACT: THE ROLE OF JUDGE
AND JURY, 80
Edmund M. Morgan, Functions of Judge and Jury in the
Determination of Preliminary Questions of Fact, 43 HARV.
L. REV. 165, 165-69 (1929), 80
Federal Rule of Evidence 104: Preliminary Questions, 82
Notes and Questions, 83
CHAPTER III: THE EXAMINATION OF
WITNESSES, 87
A. TESTIMONIAL COMPETENCE, 87
1. Introduction, 87
3 THE COLLECTED WORKS OF AMBROSE BIERCE 415 (1910), 87
Scott Rowley, The Competency of Witnesses, 24
IOWA L. REV. 482, 485-90 (1939), 87
2. Incompetence by Reason of Status: Traditional
Limitations, 89
a. Spousal Incompetence, 89
Robert M. Hutchins & Donald Slesinger, Some
Observations on the Law of Evidence: Family Relations,
13 MINN. L. REV. 675, 675 (1929), 89
Notes and Questions, 90
State v. Lee, 54 So. 326 (La. 1911), 91
Notes and Questions, 92
b. Dead Man's Statutes, 93
Roy R. Ray, Dead Man's Statutes, 24 OHIO ST. L.J.
89, 89-108 (1963), 93
Ward v. Kovacs, 390 N.Y.S.2d 931 (N.Y. App. Div.
3d Dept. 1977), 97
Questions, 100
c. Infamous Crimes, 101
42 Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Annotated _ 5922
(1982), 101
Vermont Statutes Annotated, Title 12, _ 1608 (1973), 101
Notes and Questions, 102
d. Jurors, 102
Hoffman v. City of St. Paul, 245 N.W. 373 (Minn.
1932), 102
Notes and Questions, 103
Federal Rule of Evidence 606: Competency of Juror as
Witness, 104
Smith v. Brewer, 444 F. Supp. 482 (S.D. Iowa
1978), 104
Notes and Questions, 110
3. The Elements of Modern Competence, 111
Robert M. Hutchins & Donald Slesinger, Some
Observations on the Law of Evidence--The Competency of
Witnesses, 37 YALE L.J. 1017, 1017-18 (1928), 111
Notes and Questions, 112
Schneiderman v. Interstate Transit Lines, 69
N.E.2d 293 (Ill. 1946), 112
Federal Rule of Evidence 601: General Rule of Competency,
116
Questions, 116
Evidentiary Foundation: State v. Ramsey, 118
Federal Rule of Evidence 602: Lack of Personal Knowledge,
120
Notes and Questions, 120
Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44 (1987), 121
Kaelin v. State, 410 So. 2d 1355 (Fla. App.
1982), 123
Federal Rule of Evidence 603: Oath or Affirmation, 125
Notes and Questions, 125
People v. Walker, 231 P. 572 (Cal. App. 1924),
126
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Susan B. Anthony, 129
B. THE PRESENTATION OF PROOF: BASIC LIMITATIONS,
132
1. Introduction, 132
Joseph Heller, CATCH 22, 75-76 (1962), 132
Charles A. Wright & Kenneth W. Graham, 21 FEDERAL
PRACTICE & PROCEDURE, EVIDENCE _ 5036 (1977), 133
Federal Rule of Evidence 611(a): Mode and Order of
Interrogation and Presentation: Control by Court, 133
Notes and Questions, 133
2. The Rule Against Leading Questions, 134
Baron Brampton, 1 THE REMINISCENCES OF SIR HENRY HAWKINS
30 (R. Harris ed. 1940), 134
Federal Rule of Evidence 611(c): Mode and Order of
Interrogation and Presentation: Leading Questions, 134
Notes and Questions, 135
Stahl v. Sun Microsystems, Inc., 775 F. Supp.
1397 (D. Colo. 1991), 136
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Lizzie Borden, 137
3. Assisting the Forgetful Witness, 140
United States v. Riccardi, 174 F.2d 883 (3d Cir.
1949), 140
Federal Rule of Evidence 612: Writing Used to Refresh
Memory, 146
Notes and Questions, 146
Sporck v. Peil, 759 F.2d 312 (3d Cir. 1985), 147
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Roland Burnham
Molineux, 154
4. The Rule Against Hearsay, 155
5. The Best Evidence Rule, 155
John Maguire, EVIDENCE: COMMON SENSE AND COMMON LAW 31-32
(1947), 155
Anthony J. Bocchino & David A. Sonenshein, A PRACTICAL
GUIDE TO FEDERAL EVIDENCE (1988), 156
Charles T. McCormick, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE __
231, 233 (4th ed. 1992), 157
Meyers v. United States, 171 F.2d 800 (D.C. Cir.
1948), 158
United States v. Gonzales-Benitez, 537 F.2d 1051
(9th Cir. 1976), 162
Federal Rule of Evidence 1001: Definitions, 163
Federal Rule of Evidence 1002: Requirement of Original,
164
Federal Rule of Evidence 1003: Admissibility of Duplicates
164
Federal Rule of Evidence 1004: Admissibility of Other
Evidence of Contents, 164
Federal Rule of Evidence 1005: Public Records, 164
Federal Rule of Evidence 1006: Summaries, 165
Federal Rule of Evidence 1007: Testimony or Written
Admission of Party, 165
Federal Rule of Evidence 1008: Functions of Court and
Jury, 165
Notes and Questions, 165
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg, 166
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Jeffrey Weissberg et
al., 173
6. Rules Limiting Opinion Testimony, 175
a. The Non-Opinion Rule, 175
Carter v. Boehm, 3 Burr. 1905, 97 Eng. Rep. 1162
(K.B. 1796), 175
Mason Ladd, Expert Testimony, 5 VAND. L. REV.
414, 414-16 (1952), 175
b. The Lay Witness Exception, 176
United States v. LeRoy, 944 F.2d 787 (10th Cir.
1991), 176
Federal Rule of Evidence 701: Opinion Testimony by Lay
Witnesses, 178
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 701: Opinion Testimony
by Lay Witnesses, 178
United States v. Cox, 633 F.2d 871 (9th Cir.
1980), 179
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg, 180
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Dr. Carl Coppolino,
182
c. The Expert Witness Exception to the Non-Opinion Rule, 182
Mason Ladd, Expert Testimony, 5 VAND. L. REV.
414, 417-19 (1952), 182
Een v. Consolidated Freightways, Inc., 120 F.
Supp. 289 (D.N.D. 1954), 183
Stafford v. Mussers Potato Chips, Inc., 39 A.D.2d
831, 333 N.Y.S.2d 139 (4th Dept. 1972), 185
Federal Rule of Evidence 702: Testimony by Experts, 185
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 702: Testimony by
Experts, 186
Notes and Questions, 186
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509
U.S. 579 (1993), 187
Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 119 S. Ct.
1167 (1999), 197
United States v. Locascio, 6 F.3d 924 (2d Cir.
1993), 203
Notes and Questions, 208
Mason Ladd, Expert Testimony, 5 VAND. L. REV.
414, 421-22 (1952), 208
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Wayne Williams, 209
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bruno Richard
Hauptmann, 211
Notes and Questions, 212
William B. Stoebuck, Opinions on Ultimate Facts:
Status, Trends, and a Note of Caution, 41 DEN. L.J. 226,
226-27 (1964), 213
Mason Ladd, Expert Testimony, 5 VAND. L. REV.
414, 423-24 (1952), 214
Berry v. City of Detroit, 25 F.3d 1342 (6th Cir.
1994), 215
United States v. Scavo, 593 F.2d 837 (8th Cir.
1979), 218
Notes and Questions, 220
Federal Rule of Evidence 704: Opinion on Ultimate Issue,
220
Note, 221
Notes and Questions, 222
Charles T. McCormick, Some Observations Upon the
Opinion Rule and Expert Testimony, 23 TEX. L. REV. 109,
122-26 (1945), 222
John H. Wigmore, 2 EVIDENCE _ 686 (3d ed. 1940), 224
Federal Rule of Evidence 705: Disclosure of Facts or Data
Underlying Expert Opinion, 225
Notes and Questions, 225
McClellan v. Morrison, 434 A.2d 23 (Me. 1981),
226
Federal Rule of Evidence 703: Bases of Opinion Testimony
by Experts, 228
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 703: Bases of Opinion
Testimony by Experts, 228
Notes and Questions, 228
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Richard Herrin, 229
C. IMPEACHMENT, CROSS-EXAMINATION, AND RELATED
PROBLEMS, 233
1. Impeachment by Cross-Examination, 233
John M. Wigmore, A POCKET CODE OF THE RULES OF EVIDENCE IN
TRIALS AT LAW 137 (1910), 233
John M. Wigmore, 5 EVIDENCE _ 1367 (3d ed. 1940), 233
Notes and Questions, 234
2. Impeaching Your Own Witness: The Vouching Rule,
235
Colledge's Trial, 8 How. St. Tr. 549, 636 (1681),
235
Testimony Cites Morris, Who Will Take Stand,
NASHVILLE TENNESSEAN, Nov. 4, 1982, p. 65, col. 1, 235
Note, Impeaching One's Own Witness, 49 VA. L.
REV. 996 (1963), 236
Johnson v. Baltimore & O.R. Co., 208 F.2d 633
(3d Cir. 1952), 236
Federal Rule of Evidence 607: Who May Impeach, 239
3. The Scope of Cross-Examination, 240
Charles T. McCormick, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE _
21 (4th ed. 1992), 240
Federal Rule of Evidence 611(b): Mode and Order of
Interrogation and Presentation: Scope of Cross-Examination,
241
David W. Louisell & Christopher B. Mueller, 3 FEDERAL
EVIDENCE _ 332 (1979), 241
Notes and Questions, 243
4. Impeachment Modes, 243
a. Pursuing the Competence Factors, 243
Irving Younger, THE ART OF CROSS-EXAMINATION 2-7 (1976),
243
United States v. Sampol, 636 F.2d 621 (D.C. Cir.
1980), 248
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of John T. Scopes, 250
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg, 254
b. Pursuing the Credibility Factors, 255
1) Bias, Interest, Prejudice, and Corruption, 255
William G. Hale, Bias as Affecting Credibility,
1 HASTINGS L.J. 1 (1949), 255
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bernhard Goetz,
255
Notes and Questions, 256
Unites States v. Abel, 469 U.S. 45 (1984),
256
Notes and Questions, 260
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bruno Richard
Hauptmann, 261
2) Prior Crimes, 262
Mason Ladd, Credibility Tests--Current Trends,
89 U. PA. L. REV. 166, 174-76 (1940), 262
Questions, 264
Carl McGowan, Impeachment of Criminal Defendants
by Prior Convictions, 2 L. & SOC. ORD. 1 (1970)
264
Federal Rule of Evidence 609: Impeachment by Evidence
of Conviction of Crime, 269
Notes and Questions, 270
People v. Sandoval, 314 N.E.2d 413 (N.Y.
1974), 270
Notes and Questions, 274
Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38 (1984),
275
Notes and Questions, 277
United States v. Smith, 551 F.2d 348 (D.C.
Cir. 1976), 277
Notes and Questions, 285
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bruno Richard
Hauptmann, 285
David A. Sonenshein, Circuit Roulette: The Use of
Prior Convictions to Impeach Witnesses in Civil Cases
Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, 57 GEO. WASH.
U. L. REV. 279 (1989), 287
3) Prior Bad Acts, 289
William G. Hale, Specific Acts and Related Matters
as Affecting Credibility, 1 HASTINGS L.J. 89, 89-91
(1949) 289
United States v. Provoo, 215 F.2d 531 (2d
Cir. 1954), 290
Federal Rule of Evidence 608(b)(1): Evidence of
Conduct of Witnesses, 294
Notes and Questions, 295
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Henry Lazarus,
296
Simmons, Inc. v. Pinkerton's, Inc., 762 F.2d
591 (7th Cir. 1985), 299
Notes and Questions, 302
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Jesse R. Davis,
303
4) Prior Inconsistent Statements, 307
Charles T. McCormick, HANDBOOK OF THE LAW OF EVIDENCE
_ 28 (4th ed. 1992), 307
Federal Rule of Evidence 613: Prior Statements of
Witnesses, 308
Notes and Questions, 309
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Alger Hiss, 311
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A.
Williams, Jr., 315
5) The Character Witness for Veracity, 317
Mason Ladd, Credibility Tests--Current Trends,
89 U. PA. L. REV. 165, 171-74 (1940), 317
Federal Rule of Evidence 608: Evidence of Character
and Conduct of Witness, 319
Questions, 319
United States v. Mandel, 591 F.2d 1347 (4th
Cir. 1979), 320
Mason Ladd, Techniques and Theory of Character
Testimony, 24 IOWA L. REV. 498, 518-26 (1939), 321
6) Special Procedures for Experts, 325
Ruth v. Fenchel, 121 A.2d 373 (N.J. 1956),
325
Notes and Questions, 329
United States v. Taylor, 510 F.2d 1283 (D.C.
Cir. 1975), 331
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Herman Marion
Sweatt, 333
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Dr. Sam Sheppard,
334
5. Rehabilitation after Impeachment, 335
People v. Singer, 89 N.E.2d 710 (N.Y. 1949), 335
Notes and Questions, 337
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Bruno Richard
Hauptmann, 337
United States v. Medical Therapy Sciences, Inc.,
583 F.2d 36 (2d Cir. 1978), 339
Notes and Questions, 343
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg, 343
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams,
Jr., 345
CHAPTER IV: RELEVANCY REFINED, 347
A. MATHEMATICAL PROOF, 347
Laurence H. Tribe, Trial by Mathematics: Precision and
Ritual in the Legal Process, 84 HARV. L. REV. 1329,
1332-38 (1971), 347
State v. Garrison, 585 P.2d 563 (Ariz. 1978), 351
Notes and Questions, 355
Smith v. Rapid Transit, 58 N.E.2d 754 (Mass.
1945), 356
Notes and Questions, 357
B. SUBSTANTIVE CHARACTER EVIDENCE, 359
1. A Critical Distinction, 359
Note, 359
2. Types of Substantive Character Evidence,
360
Graham C. Lilly, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF EVIDENCE
103-05 (1978), 360
3. Character Evidence in a Civil Context, 361
Mutual Life Ins. Co. of Baltimore v. Kelly, 197
N.E. 235 (Ohio App. 1934), 361
Question, 363
4. Character Evidence in a Criminal Context,
363
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Alger Hiss, 363
Questions, 364
Michelson v. United States, 335 U.S. 469 (1948),
365
Federal Rule of Evidence 404(a): Character Evidence Not
Admissible to Prove Conduct, 374
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 404(a): Character
Evidence Not Admissible to Prove Conduct, 374
Federal Rule of Evidence 405: Methods of Proving
Character, 375
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Pete Seeger, 375
Notes and Questions, 380
5. Special Rules for Other Crimes, 382
Federal Rule of Evidence 412: Sex Offense Cases; Relevance
of Alleged Victim's Past Behavior or Alleged Sexual
Predisposition, 382
Federal Rule of Evidence 413: Evidence of Similar Crimes
in Sexual Assault Cases, 383
Federal Rule of Evidence 414: Evidence of Similar Crimes
in Child Molestation Cases, 383
Federal Rule of Evidence 415: Evidence of Similar Acts in
Civil Cases Concerning Sexual Assault or Child Molestation,
384
J. Alexander Tanford & Anthony J. Bocchino, Rape
Victim Shield Laws and the Sixth Amendment, 128 U. PA.
L. REV. 544, 546, 550 (1980), 384
Rex v. Smith, [1914-15] All E.R. 262 (Crim. App.
1915), 388
United States v. Woods, 484 F.2d 127 (4th Cir.
1973), 389
Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b): Other Crimes, Wrongs, or
Acts, 392
Notes and Questions, 393
United States v. Hearst, 563 F.2d 1331 (9th Cir.
1977), 394
Heyne v. Caruso, 69 F.3d 1475 (9th Cir. 1995),
397
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Wayne Williams, 404
C. OTHER EXAMPLES OF LEGAL RELEVANCE, 412
1. Habit and Custom, 412
M.C. Slough, Relevancy Unraveled, Part II, 5 U.
KAN. L. REV. 404, 444-49 (1957), 412
Federal Rule of Evidence 406: Habit: Routine Practice, 413
Notes and Questions, 413
Reyes v. Missouri Pacific Railroad Co., 589 F.2d
791 (5th Cir. 1979), 414
Notes and Questions, 416
2. Subsequent Remedial Measures, 416
M.C. Slough, Relevancy Unraveled, Part III, 5 U.
KAN. L. REV. 675, 705-09 (1957), 416
Flaminio v. Honda Motor Co., 733 F.2d 463 (7th
Cir. 1984), 418
Federal Rule of Evidence 407: Subsequent Remedial
Measures, 421
Notes and Questions, 421
Maine Rule of Evidence 407: Subsequent Remedial Measures;
Notification of Defect, 421
3. Compromise Offers and Settlements, 422
M.C. Slough, Relevancy Unraveled, Part III, 5 U.
KAN. L. REV. 675, 718-20 (1957), 422
Federal Rule of Evidence 408: Compromise and Offers to
Compromise, 423
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Gear
Petroleum, Inc., 948 F.2d 1542 (10th Cir. 1991), 423
Federal Rule of Evidence 409: Payment of Medical and
Similar Expenses, 427
Federal Rule of Evidence 410: Inadmissibility of Pleas,
Plea Discussions, and Related Statements, 427
4. Liability Insurance, 428
M.C. Slough, Relevancy Unraveled, Part III, 5 U.
KAN. L. REV. 675, 710-18 (1957), 428
Federal Rule of Evidence 411: Liability Insurance, 430
Questions, 430
Federal Rule of Evidence 412: Sex Offense Cases; Relevance
of Alleged Victim's Past Behavior or Alleged Sexual
Predisposition, 430
CHAPTER V: THE HEARSAY RULES, 433
A. THE RULE AGAINST HEARSAY, 433
Federal Rule of Evidence 802: Hearsay Rule, 433
Notes, 433
B. RATIONALE FOR THE RULE, 434
Carl C. Wheaton, What Is Hearsay?, 46 IOWA L.
REV. 210, 219-22 (1961), 434
Edmund M. Morgan, Hearsay Dangers and the Application
of the Hearsay Concept, 62 HARV. L. REV. 177, 177-79
(1948), 435
Queen v. Hepburn, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 290 (1813),
437
Questions, 440
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams,
Jr., 440
C. DEFINING HEARSAY--BASIC CONCEPTS, 441
Carl C. Wheaton, What Is Hearsay?, 46 IOWA L.
REV. 210, 210-11 (1961), 441
Roger C. Park, McCormick on Evidence and the Concept
of Hearsay: A Critical Analysis Followed By Suggestions to
Law Teachers, 65 MINN. L. REV. 423, 424 (1981), 442
Notes and Questions, 442
Anderson v. United States, 417 U.S. 211 (1974),
442
Question, 444
Federal Rules of Evidence 801 (a) & (c): Definitions,
444
United States v. Brown, 548 F.2d 1194 (5th Cir.
1977), 444
Notes and Questions, 450
D. THE APPLICATION OF BASIC CONCEPTS, 451
Charles T. McCormick, The Borderland of Hearsay,
39 YALE L.J. 488, 489 (1930), 451
Carl C. Wheaton, What Is Hearsay?, 46 IOWA L.
REV. 210, 215-18 (1961), 451
Creaghe v. Iowa Home Mutual Casualty Co., 323
F.2d 981 (10th Cir. 1963), 453
United States v. Jones, 663 F.2d 567 (5th Cir.
1981), 454
United States v. DeVincent, 632 F.2d 147 (1st
Cir. 1980), 455
Betts v. Betts, 473 P.2d 403 (Wash. App. 1970),
457
Questions, 459
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Westbrook Pegler, 459
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Willie Riviello, 460
Notes and Questions, 462
United States v. McLennan, 563 F.2d 943 (9th Cir.
1977), 462
Notes and Questions, 465
E. EVASIVE ANALYSIS, 466
People v. Felder, 337 N.E.2d 606 (N.Y. 1975), 466
Notes and Questions, 467
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Wayne Williams, 467
United States v. Snow, 517 F.2d 441 (9th Cir.
1975), 468
Questions, 470
People v. Barnhart, 153 P.2d 214 (Cal. App.
1944), 471
Questions, 473
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams,
Jr., 473
Question, 475
F. CONDUCT AND IMPLIED STATEMENTS, 476
Stevenson v. Commonwealth, 237 S.E.2d 779 (Va.
1977), 476
State v. Galvan, 297 N.W.2d 344 (Iowa 1980), 477
Notes and Questions, 479
Judson F. Falknor, The "Hear-Say" Rule as a
"See-Do" Rule: Evidence of Conduct, 33 ROCKY
MT. L. REV. 133, 133-34 (1961), 480
United States v. Zenni, 492 F. Supp. 464 (E.D.
Ky. 1980), 481
Notes and Questions, 486
Park v. Huff, 493 F.2d 923 (5th Cir. 1974), 487
Notes and Questions, 489
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Charles Manson, 489
Silver v. New York Central R. Co., 105 N.E.2d 923
(Mass. 1952), 490
Question, 491
G. DEFINING THE HEARSAY DECLARANT, 492
People v. Centolella, 61 Misc. 2d 723, 305
N.Y.S.2d 279 (Oneida Cty. Ct. 1969), 492
Federal Rules of Evidence 801(b) & (c): Definitions,
493
Charles T. McCormick, The Turncoat Witness: Previous
Statements as Substantive Evidence, 25 TEX. L. REV. 573,
573-77 (1947), 493
United States v. Biener, 52 F. Supp. 54 (E.D. Pa.
1943), 496
United States v. DeSisto, 329 F.2d 929 (2d Cir.
1964), 498
Notes and Questions, 501
Federal Rules of Evidence 801(b), (c), & (d)(l):
Definitions, 502
Arizona Rule of Evidence 801(d)(1), 502
Michigan Rule of Evidence 801(d)(1), 503
Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150 (1995), 503
Notes and Questions, 507
H. NON-HEARSAY STATEMENTS ADMISSIBLE FOR THEIR TRUTH,
509
1. Introduction, 509
Judson F. Falknor, The Hearsay Rule and Its Exceptions,
2 UCLA L. REV. 43, 43-45 (1954), 509
Jack B. Weinstein, The Probative Force of Hearsay,
46 IOWA L. REV. 331, 337-38 (1961), 511
2. Admissions, 512
a. Rationale, 512
James L. Hetland, Admissions in the Uniform Rules: Are
They Necessary?, 46 IOWA L. REV. 307, 308-10 (1961) 512
Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2): Definitions, 513
Question, 513
State v. Johnson, 245 N.W.2d 687 (Wis. 1976), 514
Notes and Questions, 516
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Lizzie Borden, 517
Bill v. Farm Bureau Life Insurance Co., 119
N.W.2d 768 (Iowa 1965), 518
Questions, 520
b. Adoptive Admissions, 521
Edmund M. Morgan, Admissions, 12 WASH. L. REV.
182, 186-87 (1937), 521
Ollert v. Ziebell, 114 A 356 (N.J. 1921), 521
United States v. Flecha, 539 F.2d 874 (2d Cir.
1976), 523
United States v. Kilbourne, 559 F.2d 1263 (4th
Cir. 1977), 524
Notes and Questions, 525
c. Vicarious Admissions, 527
Edmund M. Morgan, The Rationale of Vicarious
Admissions, 42 HARV. L. REV. 462, 463-64 (1929), 527
Big Mack Trucking Company, Inc. v. Dickerson, 497
S.W.2d 283 (Tex. 1973), 528
Martin v. Savage Truck Line, Inc., 121 F. Supp.
417 (D.D.C. 1954), 530
Notes and Questions, 532
Mahlandt v. Wild Canid Survival and Research Center,
Inc., 588 F.2d 626 (8th Cir. 1978), 533
d. Co-Conspirator Declarations, 537
Joseph H. Levie, Hearsay and Conspiracy: A
Reexamination of the Co-Conspirators' Exception to the
Hearsay Rule, 52 MICH. L. REV. 1159, 1161, 1163-64
(1954), 537
United States v. Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31 (D.C. Cir.
1976), 538
Notes and Questions, 541
Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171 (1987),
542
United States v. Clark, 18 F.3d 1337 (6th Cir.
1994), 544
Note, 549
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams,
Jr., 549
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg, 552
I. EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE AGAINST HEARSAY,
553
1. Exceptions Requiring Declarant Unavailability,
553
a. Introduction: The Concept of Unavailability, 553
Comment, Hearsay Under the Proposed Federal Rules: A
Discretionary Approach, 15 WAYNE L. REV. 1077, 1101-05
(1969), 553
Federal Rule of Evidence 804(a): Hearsay Exceptions:
Declarant Unavailable, 555
Notes and Questions, 555
b. Declarations Against Interest, 556
Bernard S. Jefferson, Declarations Against Interest:
An Exception to the Hearsay Rule, 58 HARV. L. REV. 1,
1-2, 8, 39-40 (1944), 556
Questions, 557
Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(3): Hearsay Exceptions:
Declarant Unavailable, 557
Wisconsin Statutes Annotated _ 908.045(4): Hearsay
Exceptions: Declarant Unavailable, 558
United States v. MacDonald, 688 F.2d 224 (4th
Cir. 1982), 558
Notes and Questions, 564
United States v. Lang, 589 F.2d 92 (2d Cir.
1978), 565
Notes and Questions, 570
Williamson v. United States, 512 U.S. 594 (1994),
570
Note, 573
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of John T. Scopes, 574
c. Former Testimony, 575
Note, Affidavits, Depositions, and Prior Testimony,
46 IOWA L. REV. 356, 356-57 (1961), 575
United States v. DiNapoli, 8 F.3d 909 (2d Cir.
1993), 576
United States v. Koon, 34 F.3d 1416 (9th Cir.
1994), 582
Notes and Questions, 587
d. Dying Declarations, 588
Charles W. Quick, Some Reflections on Dying
Declarations, 6 HOW. L.J. 109, 109-12 (1960), 588
Shepard v. United States, 290 U.S. 96 (1933), 590
State v. Adamson, 665 P.2d 972 (Ariz. 1983), 592
Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(2): Hearsay Exceptions:
Declarant Unavailable, 594
Florida Evidence Code _ 90.804(b), 595
Notes and Questions, 595
Federal Rule of Evidence 804: Hearsay Exceptions:
Declarant Unavailable, 595
Federal Rule of Evidence 807: Residual Exception, 596
2. Exceptions Not Requiring Declarant Unavailability,
597
a. Business Records, 597
John E. Tracy, The Introduction of Documentary
Evidence, 24 IOWA L. REV. 436, 454-56 (1939), 597
Johnson v. Lutz, 170 N.E. 517 (N.Y. 1930), 598
Kelly v. Wasserman, 158 N.E.2d 241 (N.Y. 1959),
601
Notes and Questions, 603
Federal Rules of Evidence 803(6) & (7): Hearsay
Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial, 604
Proposed Federal Rules of Evidence 803(6): Hearsay
Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial, 604
Federal Rule of Evidence 805: Hearsay Within Hearsay, 605
Notes and Questions, 605
Palmer v. Hoffman, 318 U.S. 109 (1943), 605
Melton v. St. Louis Public Service Co., 251
S.W.2d 663 (Mo. 1952), 608
Williams v. Alexander, 129 N.E.2d 417 (N.Y.
1955), 610
Notes and Questions, 614
United States v. Kim, 595 F.2d 755 (D.C. Cir.
1979), 615
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Alger Hiss, 621
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg, 623
b. Public Records, 625
Comment, Hearsay Under the Proposed Federal Rules: A
Discretionary Approach, 15 WAYNE L. REV. 1077, 1156-59
(1969), 625
Beech Aircraft Corporation v. Rainey, 488 U.S.
153 (1988), 627
Lewis v. Velez, 149 F.R.D. 474 (S.D.N.Y. 1993),
637
Federal Rules of Evidence 803(8), (9) & (10): Hearsay
Exceptions; Availability of Declarant Immaterial, 644
c. Excited Utterances and Present Sense Impressions, 645
Edmund M. Morgan, BASIC PROBLEMS OF EVIDENCE 340-43
(1961), 645
Nager Electric Co. v. Charles Benjamin, Inc., 317
F. Supp. 645 (E.D. Pa. 1970), 646
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Mary Harris, 648
Houston Oxygen Co. v. Davis, 161 S.W.2d 474 (Tex.
1942), 648
United States v. Narcisco, 446 F. Supp. 252 (E.D.
Mich. 1977), 650
Notes and Questions, 654
d. Declarations of Physical Condition, 655
Roy R. Ray, Restrictions on Doctor's Testimony in
Personal Injury Cases, 14 SW. L.J. 133, 134-36 (1960)
655
Dewitt v. Johnson, 41 P.2d 476 (Okla. 1935), 656
Federal Rule of Evidence 803(3): Hearsay Exceptions;
Availability of Declarant Immaterial, 658
Questions, 658
Meaney v. United States, 112 F.2d 538 (2d Cir.
1940), 658
United States v. Iron Shell, 633 F.2d 77 (8th
Cir. 1980), 660
Notes and Questions, 663
e. Declarations of State of Mind, 664
M.C. Slough, Res Gestae, 2 U. KAN. L. REV. 121,
126-28 (1953), 664
Adoption of Harvey, 99 A.2d 276 (Pa. 1953), 665
Questions, 667
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Alger Hiss, 667
Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Rogers Imports, Inc.,
216 F. Supp. 670 (S.D.N.Y. 1963), 668
Notes and Questions, 671
Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Hillmon, 145 U.S.
285 (1892), 671
John M. Maguire, The Hillmon Case--Thirty-Three
Years After, 38 HARV. L. REV. 709 (1925), 673
Shepard v. United States, 290 U.S. 96 (1933), 676
Notes and Questions, 678
United States v. Annunziato, 293 F.2d 373 (2d
Cir. 1961), 678
Question, 682
Federal Rule of Evidence 803(3): Hearsay Exceptions;
Availability of Declarant Immaterial, 682
California Evidence Code __ 1251-52, 683
United States v. Layton, 549 F. Supp. 903 (N.D.
Cal. 1982), aff'd in part, rev'd in part on other grounds,
720 F.2d 548 (9th Cir. 1983), 683
Questions, 688
3. The Residual Exception--Flexibility for the Future,
688
Jack B. Weinstein, The Probative Force of Hearsay,
46 IOWA L. REV. 331, 344-46 (1961), 688
Note, 689
Edmund M. Morgan, FOREWORD TO THE MODEL CODE OF EVIDENCE
38-47 (1942), 690
Questions, 694
Dallas County v. Commercial Union Assurance Co.,
286 F.2d 388 (5th Cir. 1961), 695
Huff v. White Motor Corp., 609 F.2d 286 (7th Cir.
1979), 701
United States v. Bailey, 581 F.2d 341 (3d Cir.
1978), 706
Notes and Questions, 712
Wisconsin Statutes Annotated _ 908.045, 713
Ohio Rule of Evidence _ 804(B)(5), 713
David A. Sonenshein, The Residual Exceptions to the
Federal Hearsay Rule: Two Exceptions in Search of a Rule,
57 N.Y.U. L. REV. 867, 885-88 (1982), 713
Federal Rule of Evidence 801: Definitions, 715
Federal Rule of Evidence 802: Hearsay Rule, 716
Federal Rule of Evidence 803: Hearsay Exceptions;
Availability of Declarant Immaterial, 716
Federal Rule of Evidence 804: Hearsay Exceptions;
Declarant Unavailable, 719
Federal Rule of Evidence 805: Hearsay within Hearsay, 720
Federal Rule of Evidence 806: Attacking and Supporting
Credibility of Declarant, 720
Question, 720
Federal Rule of Evidence 807: Residual Exception, 721
J. HEARSAY AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONFRONTATION RIGHTS,
722
Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805 (1990), 722
Notes and Questions, 725
Lilly v. Virginia, 144 L. Ed. 2d 117 (1999), 727
United States v. Inadi, 475 U.S. 387 (1986), 736
Notes and Questions, 744
Cruz v. New York, 481 U.S. 186 (1987), 744
Notes and Questions, 749
CHAPTER VI: PRIVILEGES, 751
A. INTRODUCTION, 751
1. The Basis for Privileges, 751
John H. Wigmore, 8 EVIDENCE _ 2285 (3d ed. 1940), 751
2. The Federal Perspective, 752
James W. Moore & Helen I. Bendix, Congress,
Evidence, and Rulemaking, 84 YALE L.J. 9, 19-21 (1974),
752
Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1 (1996), 754
Notes and Questions, 760
B. THE EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGES, 762
Archibald Cox, Executive Privilege, 122 U. PA. L.
REV. 1383, 1384-87 (1974), 762
United States v. Reynolds, 345 U.S. 1 (1953), 763
United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974), 768
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 509: Secrets of State
and Other Official Information, 775
Notes and Questions, 776
Joseph R. Quinn, McCray v. Illinois: Probable Cause
and the Informer Privilege, 45 DEN. L.J. 399, 402-03
(1968), 776
McCray v. Illinois, 386 U.S. 300 (1967), 777
Notes and Questions, 783
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 510: Identity of
Informer, 784
C. THE ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE, 786
Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr., An Historical Perspective on
the Attorney-Client Privilege, 66 CAL. L. REV. 1061,
1061-64, 1068-70 (1978), 786
In re Bonanno, 344 F.2d 830 (2d Cir. 1965), 788
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 503: Lawyer-Client
Privilege, 791
Notes and Questions, 792
Upjohn v. United States, 449 U.S. 383 (1980), 794
Notes and Questions, 801
People v. Meredith, 631 P.2d 46 (Cal. 1981), 802
Swidler & Berlin v. United States, 524 U.S.
399 (1998), 809
Notes and Questions, 814
Evidentiary Foundation: The Trial of Harrison A. Williams,
Jr., 815
D. THE PRIVILEGE FOR MARITAL COMMUNICATIONS,
820
Comment, The Husband-Wife Privilege of Testimonial
Non-Disclosure, 56 NW. U. L. REV. 208, 216-19 (1961),
820
Trammel v. United States, 445 U.S. 40 (1980), 821
People v. Melski, 176 N.E.2d 81 (N.Y. 1961), 826
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 505: Husband-Wife
Privilege, 830
Notes and Questions, 831
E. THE PHYSICIAN-PATIENT PRIVILEGE, 832
United States ex. rel. Edney v. Smith, 425 F.
Supp. 1038 (E.D.N.Y. 1976), 832
Notes and Questions, 838
F. THE PRIEST-PENITENT PRIVILEGE, 840
Donna Oneta Reese, Confidential Communications to the
Clergy, 24 OHIO ST. L.J. 55, 60-61 (1963), 840
In re Verplank, 329 F. Supp. 433 (C.D. Cal.
1971), 841
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 506: Communications to
Clergymen, 843
Notes and Questions, 844
G. THE NEWSMAN'S PRIVILEGE, 845
United States v. Criden, 633 F.2d 348 (3d Cir.
1980), 845
Notes, 853
H. OTHER POTENTIAL PRIVILEGES, 854
People v. Fitzgerald, 101 Misc. 2d 712, 422
N.Y.S.2d 309 (1979), 854
Notes and Questions, 858
CHAPTER VII: BURDENS AND
PRESUMPTIONS, 861
Fleming James, Burdens of Proof, 47 VA. L. REV.
51, 51-58 (1961), 861
6 Reports, Recommendations and Studies, A Study
Relating to the Uniform Rules of Evidence--Burden of
Producing Evidence, Burden of Proof, and Presumptions,
California Law Revision Commission 1049, 1116-18 (1964), 865
Notes, 866
David W. Louisell, Construing Rule 301: Instructing
the Jury on Presumptions in Civil Actions and Proceedings,
63 VA. L. REV. 281, 289-92 (1977), 867
6 Reports, Recommendations and Studies, A Study
Relating to the Uniform Rules of Evidence--Burden of
Producing Evidence, Burden of Proof, and Presumptions,
California Law Revision Commission 1049, 1051-57 (1964), 868
Uniform Rule of Evidence 301(a) & (b) (1974):
Presumptions in General in Civil Actions and Proceedings, 874
Model Code of Evidence, Rule 704(1) & (2) (1942):
Effect of Presumptions 874
Federal Rule of Evidence 301: Presumptions in General in
Civil Actions and Proceedings, 874
Federal Rule of Evidence 302: Applicability of State Law
in Civil Actions and Proceedings, 875
Notes and Questions, 875
Estate of McGowan, 250 N.W.2d 234 (Neb. 1977),
875
Notes and Questions, 878
Ronald J. Allen, Structuring Jury Decisionmaking in
Criminal Cases: A Unified Constitutional Approach to
Evidentiary Devices, 94 HARV. L. REV. 321, 321-24
(1980), 878
Farrell v. Czarnetzky, 566 F.2d 381 (2d Cir.
1977), 880
Notes and Questions, 883
Ulster County Court v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140
(1979), 883
Proposed Federal Rule of Evidence 303: Presumptions in
Criminal Cases, 896
Notes and Questions, 897
CHAPTER VIII: CONCLUSION, 901
James B. Thayer, A Preliminary Treatise on Evidence at the
Common Law 508-09, 529-31 (1898), 901
Jack B. Weinstein, Some Difficulties in Devising Rules
for Determining Truth in Judicial Trials, 66 COLUM. L.
REV. 223, 223, 226-29, 241-46 (1966), 903
Federal Rule of Evidence 102: Purpose and Construction,
908
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