Preface, xix
Chapter I: The Purposes of the Criminal Law,
1
Henry M. Hart, Jr., The Aims of the Criminal Law,
23 Law & Contemp. Probs. 401 (1958), 1
Herbert Wechsler, The Challenge of a Model Penal Code,
65 Harv. L. Rev. 1097 (1952), 13
Paul H. Robinson, Hybrid Principals for the
Distribution of Criminal Sanctions, 82 Nw. U. L. Rev. 19
(1988), 16
Joshua Dressler, Hating Criminals: How Can Something
that Feels so Good be Wrong?, 88 U. Mich. L. Rev. 1448
(1990), 26
Richard A. Posner, An Economic Theory of the Criminal
Law, 85 Colum. L. Rev. 1193 (1985), 33
Louis Michael Seidman, Soldiers, Martyrs, and
Criminals: Utilitarian Theory and the Problem of Crime
Control, 94 Yale L.J. 315 (1984), 43
Bibliography, 54
Chapter II: Actus Reus, 55
Stephen J. Morse, Culpability and Control, 142 U.
Pa. L. Rev. 1587 (1994), 56
Kevin W. Saunders, Voluntary Acts and the Criminal
Law: Justifying Culpability Based on the Existence of
Volition, 49 U. Pitt. L. Rev.443 (1988), 57
Michael Corrado, Automatism and the Theory of Action,
39 Emory L.J. 1191 (1990), 69
Stephen J. Morse, Failed Explanations and Criminal
Responsibility: Experts and the Unconscious, 68 Va. L.
Rev. 971 (1982), 74
Richard C. Boldt, The Construction of Responsibility
in the Criminal Law, 140 U. Pa. L. Rev. 2245 (1992), 80
Francis Barry McCarthy, Crimes of Omission in
Pennsylvania, 68 Temp. L. Rev. 633 (1994), 87
George P. Fletcher, On the Moral Irrelevance of Bodily
Movements, 142 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1443 (1994), 93
Andrew Ashworth, The Scope of Criminal Liability for
Omissions,1989 Law Q. Rev. 424, 99
Glanville Williams, Criminal Omission--The
Conventional View, 1991 Law Q. Rev. 86, 118
Bibliography, 127
Chapter III: Mens Rea, 129
Martin R. Gardner, The Mens Rea Enigma:
Observations on the Role of Motive in the Criminal Law Past
and Present, 1993 Utah L. Rev. 635, 130
Paul H. Robinson & Jane A. Grall, Element Analysis
in Defining Criminal Liability: The Model Penal Code and
Beyond, 35 Stan. L. Rev. 681 (1983), 134
Michael E. Tigar, "Willfulness" and
"Ignorance" in Federal Criminal Law, 37 Clev.
St. L. Rev. 525 (1989), 140
Jeffrey S. Parker, The Economics of Mens Rea, 79
Va. L. Rev. 741 (1993), 150
Bibliography, 159
Chapter IV: Causation, 161
Note, Comment on Stephenson, 31 Mich. L. Rev. 659
(1933), 161
Lawrence Crocker, Harm v. Culpability: Which Should be
the Organizing Principle of the Criminal Law? A Retributive
Theory of Criminal Causation, 1994 J. Contemp. Legal
Issues 65 (1994), 170
Stephen J. Schulhofer, Harm and Punishment: A Critique
of Emphasis on the Results of Conduct in the Criminal Law,
122 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1497 (1974), 192
Patricia Hassett, Absolutism in Causation, 38
Syracuse L. Rev. 683 (1987), 207
Bibliography, 211
Chapter V: Complicity, 213
Paul H. Robinson & Jane A. Grall, Element Analysis
in Defining Criminal Liability: The Model Penal Code and
Beyond, 35 Stan. L. Rev. 681 (1983), 213
Joshua Dressler, Reassessing the Theoretical
Underpinnings of Accomplice Liability: New Solutions to an
Old Problem, 37 Hastings L.J. 91 (1985), 217
Peter Alldridge, The Doctrine of Innocent Agency,
2 Crim. L.F. 45 (1990), 230
Alan Reed, Joint Participation in Criminal Activity,
60 J. Crim. L. 310 (1996), 238
Bibliography, 248
Chapter VI: Attempt and Solicitation, 249
Paul H. Robinson & Jane A. Grall, Element Analysis
in Defining Criminal Liability: The Model Penal Code and
Beyond, 35 Stan. L. Rev. 681 (1983), 249
Thomas Weigend, Why Lady Eldon Should be Acquitted:
The Social Harm in Attempting the Impossible, 27 DePaul
L. Rev. 231 (1978), 252
Douglas N. Husak, The Nature and Justifiability of
Nonconsummate Offenses, 37 Ariz. L. Rev. 151 (1995), 266
Ira P. Robbins, Double Inchoate Crimes, 26 Harv.
J. on Legis. 1 (1989), 268
Omri Ben-Shabar & Alon Harel, The Economics of Law
of Criminal Attempts, 145 U. Pa. L. Rev. 299 (1996), 276
Bibliography, 285
Chapter VII: Conspiracy, 287
Ira P. Robbins, Double Inchoate Crimes, 26 Harv.
J. on Legis. 1 (1989), 287
Paul H. Robinson & Jane A. Grall, Element Analysis
in Defining Criminal Liability: The Model Penal Code and
Beyond, 35 Stan. L. Rev. 681 (1983), 288
Nancy L. Ickler, Conspiracy to Violate RICO: Expanding
Traditional Conspiracy Law, 58 Notre Dame L. Rev. 587
(1982), 290
Susan W. Brenner, Of Complicity and Enterprise
Criminality: Applying Pinkerton Liability to RICO
Actions, 56 Mo. L. Rev. 931 (1991), 297
Paul Marcus, Criminal Conspiracy Law: Time to Turn
Back From an Ever Expanding, Ever More Troubling Area, 1
Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 1 (1992), 303
Bibliography, 312
Chapter VIII: Homicide, 313
Lloyd Weinreb, Homicide: Legal Aspects, in
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Free Press 1983), 314
Herbert Wechsler & Jerome Michael, A Rationale of
the Law of Homicide: I, 37 Colum. L. Rev. 701 (1937),
326
Joshua Dressler, Rethinking Heat of Passion: A Defense
in Searchof a Rationale, 73 J. Crim. L. &
Criminology 421 (1982), 336
David Simon, Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets
(1991), 355
Bibliography, 370
Chapter IX: Rape, 373
Harry Kalven, Jr. & Hans Zeisel, The American Jury
(1966), 373
Gary D. LaFree, Rape and Criminal Justice: The Social
Construction of Sexual Assault (1989), 377
Jennifer Wriggins, Rape, Racism, and the Law, 6
Harv. Women's L.J. 103 (1983), 381
Morrison Torrey, When Will We Be Believed? Rape Myths
and the Idea of a Fair Trial in Rape Prosecutions, 24
U.C. Davis L. Rev. 1013 (1991), 383
Susan Estrich, Rape, 95 Yale L.J. 1087 (1986),
386
Ronet Bachman & Raymond Paternoster, A
Contemporary Lookat the Effects of Rape Law Reform: How Far
Have We Really Come?, 84 J. Crim. L. & Criminology
554 (1993), 391
Donald A. Dripps, Beyond Rape: An Essay on the
Difference Between the Presence of Force and the Absence of
Consent, 92 Colum. L. Rev. 1780 (1992), 396
Robin West, Legitimating the Illegitimate: A Comment
on Beyond Rape, 93 Colum. L. Rev. 1442 (1993), 398
Bibliography, 401
Chapter X: Nonfatal Offenses Against the Person:
Assault and Battery, 403
Legislating the Criminal Code: Offences Against the
Person and General Principles, The Law Commission
Consultation Paper 122, Her Majesty's Stationary Office
(1992), 403
Glanville Williams, Assault and Words, 1957 Crim.
L. Rev. 219, 407
Alan Reed, Offences Against the Person: The Need for
Reform, 59 J. Crim. L. 187 (1995), 412
David Ormerod, Consent and Offences Against the
Person: Law Commission Consultation Paper No. 134, 57
Mod. L. Rev. 928 (1994), 414
Marianne Giles, R v Brown: Consensual Harm and the
Public Interest, 57 Mod. L. Rev. 101 (1994), 419
Richard Mullender, Sado-Masochism, Criminal Law and
Adjudicative Method: R v Brown in the House of Lords,
44 N. Ireland L.Q. 380 (1993), 422
Michael Gunn & David Ormerod, The Legality of
Boxing, 15 Legal Stud. 181 (1995), 426
Bibliography, 430
Chapter XI: Justifications, 431
A. Self-Defense, 432
Richard Maxwell Brown, No Duty to Retreat: Violence and
Values in American History and Society (1991), 432
George P. Fletcher, A Crime of Self-Defense, 14
Colum. Mag. 16 (No. 2, Nov. 1988), 438
Martha R. Mahoney, Legal Images of Battered Women:
Redefining the Issue of Separation, 90 Mich. L. Rev. 1
(1991), 445
Robert P. Mosteller, Syndromes and Politics in
Criminal Trials and Evidence Law, 46 Duke L.J. 461
(1996), 450
B. Law Enforcement, 453
H. Richard Uviller, Seizure by Gunshot: The Riddle of
the Fleeing Felon, 14 Rev. L. & Soc. Change 705
(1986), 453
C. Necessity, 457
A.W. Bryan Simpson, Cannibalism and the Common Law: The
Story of the Tragic Last Voyage of the Mignonette
and the Strange Legal Proceedings to Which It Gave Rise 205
(1984), 457
Lon L. Fuller, The Case of the Speluncean Explorers,
62 Harv. L. Rev. 616 (1949), 462
Steven M. Bauer & Peter J. Eckerstrom, The State
Made Me Do It: The Applicability of the Necessity Defense to
Civil Disobedience, 39 Stan. L. Rev. 1173 (1987), 472
D.W. Elliott, Necessity, Duress and Self-Defence,
1989 Crim. L. Rev. 611, 476
Alan Reed, Excuses to Murder: Salutary Lessons from
Recent Anglo-American Jurisprudence, 6 J. Transnat'l L.
& Pol'y 51 (1997), 477
Nicola M. Padfield, Duress, Necessity and the Law
Commission, 1992 Crim. L. Rev. 778 , 479
Bibliography, 482
Chapter XII: Excuses, 483
A. Duress, 483
K.J.M. Smith & William Wilson, Impaired
Voluntariness andCriminal Responsibility: Reworking Hart's
Theory of Excuses--TheEnglish Judicial Response, 13
Oxford J. Legal Stud. 69 (1993) , 485
Eric Colvin, Exculpatory Defences in Criminal Law,
10 Oxford J. Legal Stud. 381 (1990) , 486
Jeremy Horder, Autonomy, Provocation and Duress,
1992 Crim. L. Rev. 707, 487
Joshua Dressler, Exegis of the Law of Duress:
Justifying the Excuse and Searching for its Proper Limits,
62 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1331 (1989), 488
Nicola M. Padfield, Duress, Necessity and the Law
Commission, 1992 Crim. L. Rev. 778 , 489
K.J.M. Smith, Must Heroes Behave Heroically?,
1980 Crim. L. Rev. 622, 490
Alan Reed, The Irrelevance of a Low Intelligence
Quotient to a Claim of Duress, The Crim. Law. 1 (1996),
491
K.J.M. Smith & William Wilson, Impaired
Voluntariness andCriminal Responsibility: Reworking Hart's
Theory of Excuses--TheEnglish Judicial Response, 13
Oxford J. Legal Stud. 69 (1993) , 494
Joshua Dressler, Exegis of the Law of Duress:
Justifying The Excuse and Searching for Its Proper Limits,
62 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1331 (1989) , 497
Helen P. Milgate, Duress and the Criminal Law: Another
About Turn by the House of Lords, 47 Crim. L.J. 61
(1988), 501
J.C. Smith, A Commentary on R v Howe, 1987 Crim.
L. Rev. 480, 509
Helen P. Milgate, Duress and the Criminal Law: Another
About Turn by the House of Lords, 47 Crim. L.J. 61
(1988), 510
Ian Dennis, Developments in Duress, 51 J. Crim.
L. 463 (1987), 510
Proposals for Reform, 512
Bibliography, 513
B. Intoxication, 514
Graham Virgo, The Law Commission Consultation Paper on
Intoxication and Criminal Liability: Reconciling Principle
and Policy, 1993 Crim. L. Rev. 415, 515
David Farrier, Intoxication: Legal Logic or Common
Sense?, 39 Mod. L. Rev. 578 (1976), 518
Jeremy Horder, Pleading Involuntary Lack of Capacity,
52 Cambridge L.J. 298 (1993), 520
Gerald Orchard, Surviving Without Majewski--A
View from Down Under, 1993 Crim. L. Rev. 426, 525
N.L.A. Barlow, Drug Intoxication the Principle of
Capacitas Rationalis, 100 Law Q. Rev. (1984), 526
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Paper No. 229, Her Majesty's Stationary Office (1995), 533
Intoxication and Criminal Liability, The Law
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Stationary Office (1993), 539
G.R. Sullivan, Intoxicants and Criminal Liability,
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Peter Seago, Involuntary Intoxication, in All
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Simon Gardner, Criminal Defences by Judicial
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Bibliography, 550
C. Mental Disorder, 551
Estella Baker, Human Rights, M'Naghten and
the 1991 Act, 1994 Crim. L. Rev. 84, 553
R.D. Mackay, Post-Hinckley Insanity in the
USA, 1988 Crim. L. Rev. 88, 553
R.D. Mackay & Gerry Kearns, The Continued Underuse
of Unfitness to Plead and the Insanity Defence, 1994
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P.J. Sutherland & C.A. Gearty, Insanity and the
European Court of Human Rights, 1992 Crim. L. Rev. 418,
559
Note, The Guilty But Mentally Ill Verdict and Due
Process, 92 Yale L.J. 475 (1982), 564
Suzanne Dell, Diminished Responsibility Reconsidered,
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R.D. Mackay, Pleading Provocation and Diminished
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Chapter XIII: Offenses Against Property, 581
Kathleen F. Brickey, The Jurisprudence of Larceny: An
Historical Inquiry and Interest Analysis, 33 Vand. L.
Rev. 1101 (1980), 582
Michael E. Tigar, The Right of Property and the Law of
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Lloyd L. Weinreb, Manifest Criminality, Criminal
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George P. Fletcher, Manifest Criminality, Criminal
Intent, and the Metamorphosis of Lloyd Weinreb, 90 Yale
L.J. 319 (1980), 592
A.T.H. Smith, The Idea of Criminal Deception,
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Cynthia M. York, Criminal Liability for the
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